Nourin molecular biomarkers diagnose angina patients with negative troponin

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a molecular network, devices, and assays for early diagnosis of angina patients experiencing acute chest pain with negative Troponin, and it reflects on disease progression and severity. The invention also allows for the diagnosis of angina in suspected patients with history of chest pain; differentiates between angina patients and acute myocardial infarction; as well as diagnose coronary artery disease patients from other non-cardiac and healthy individuals. The present invention indicates that the downregulation of Nourin IncCTB9H12.4 in coronary artery disease patients compared to non-cardiac and healthy controls, is significantly associated with upregulation of miR_106b and miR_137 resulting in overexpression of mRNA ANAPC11 and mRNA FTLH-17; respectively. Therefore, the invention provides a novel non-invasive good positive test to diagnose angina patients which also, has a good negative test to exclude chest pain non-angina patients and healthy individuals.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The current application is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/252,402 filed Jan. 18, 2019 which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 62/686,184 filed Jun. 18, 2018.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to the fields of medicine, physiology, biomarkers, diagnostics, and biochemistry. The present invention particularly relates to an autophagy-related RNA-based biomarker panel linked to each other and to cardiovascular ischemia. More particularly, the present invention relates to early diagnosis of myocardial ischemia in angina patients with negative Troponin and differentiation differentiate between angina patients and acute myocardial infarction diseases or disorders using a protein and Nourin molecular network for the detection of RNAs released as a result of certain events and indicative of disease progression and severity.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in women and men worldwide according to the World Health Organization and it is predicted to persist as the one of the main causes of illness due to the progressive aging of population. Schema of the heart occurs as a result of diminished blood flow to heart tissue. If this reduction is brief (less than 15 minutes), the ischemic injury is reversible, as seen in unstable angina (UA) patients. But if reduced blood flow is persistent for an extended period of time (more than 15 minutes), irreversible necrotic damage (cell death) occurs which leads to acute myocardial infarction (AMI-heart attack). In this invention, coronary artery disease (CAD) patients are composed of angina and AMI. Currently, no laboratory blood test that can specifically identify myocardial ischemia angina patients with negative Troponin. Tests for heart attacks cannot be done until several hours (two to six hours) after presentation of symptoms in order to allow enough substances to be released in the blood by dead heart tissue.

Chest pain affects 20% to 40% of the general population during their lifetime. Each year, approximately 1.5% of the population consults a primary care physician for symptoms of chest pain. The rate is even higher at the emergency department (ED), where more than 5% of visits and up to 40% to 60% of admissions are because of chest pain. In the United States, Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) accounts for approximately 9% percent of all cases with acute chest pain presenting to the emergency department. In a British study, angina pectoris or a history of possible acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was reported in 14% and a further 24% suffered from atypical chest pain. Data from the U.S. showed that in patients with chest pain 17% ultimately met the criteria for cardiac ischemia and 8% had myocardial infarction. The non-acute myocardial infarction patients constitute a heterogeneous group with several diagnostic possibilities, e.g. unstable and stable angina pectoris, non-atherosclerotic cardiac pain, and non-cardiac pain. Chest pain due to causes other than ischemic heart disease is frequent and often clinically indistinguishable from classic angina pectoris.

The root cause of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) is unstable plaque in the coronary artery. These syndromes represent a continuum of ischemic disease ranging from unstable angina (UA) to heart attack (acute myocardial infarction-AMI) and to large areas of heart cell death. Each year in the U.S., between 6 to 10 million individuals present annually to Emergency Departments (ED) with clinical signs and symptoms of ACS including chest pain. Of the 6 to 10 million patients presenting annually to the ED with chest pain, up to 90% do not have a heart cause for their symptoms. In the U.S., the high rate of chest pain admissions of non-heart origin is as high as 60%. Accordingly, there is an urgent need for an early and accurate diagnosis of ACS patients to warrant immediate medical care, which would reduce mortality and improve prognosis. A quick blood test is needed that can accurately rule in or out the 10% of ACS heart patients, who are equally divided (50:50) between UA and heart attack. Currently, there is no biomarker to identify patients with unstable angina seen in the ED with chest pain. The misdiagnosis of unstable angina patients in the ED is the highest source of medical malpractice lawsuits in the U.S.

It is known in the art that AMI is associated with the release of proteins and nucleotides (RNAs) as a result of ischemic damage to cardiac tissue. Nourin is a 3 KDa N-formyl peptide rapidly released within 5 minutes by reversible ischemic myocardial tissue, such as in the case of angina, and by necrotic myocardial tissue, such as in the case of AMI. The formylated peptide Nourin is a potent inflammatory mediator which stimulates leukocyte chemotaxis, adhesion and activation to release a number of cytokine and chemokine mediators, adhesion molecules, digestive enzymes and free radicals. In vivo, the injection of human cardiac Nourin into rabbit skin resulted in an acute inflammatory response within the first 30 minutes characterized by a significant neutrophil infiltration. Nourin can, thus, be characterized as an Alarmin that promotes the innate immune response since it is rapidly released by local myocardial tissues following ischemia and contributes to the initiation and amplification of post-reperfusion myocardial inflammation. As such, Nourin can be an important therapeutic target. Nourin works as a ligand on leukocyte formyl peptide receptors (FPR) that are important potential therapeutic targets to control early and late post-reperfusion inflammation and injury. The cardiac-derived Nourin was purified from cardioplegic solutions collected during cardiac arrest (i.e., reversible ischemia) from patients who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass surgery for coronary revascularization. The amino acid sequence of Nourin released by reversibly ischemic human hearts is

formyl substituted-MIINHNLAAINSHRSPGADGNGGEAMPGGGR (SEQ ID NO:15) confirmed by mass spectrometry analysis.

Using both the functional leukocyte chemotaxis assay and the ELISA immunoassay, studies demonstrated that the cardiac-derived Nourin peptide is rapidly released by ischemic heart tissue while it is still “viable” before cells are dead, as well as by necrotic hearts. Consistent results showing the “early” release of Nourin by ischemic hearts were demonstrated using various species (human, dog, rat and cow) as well as several models of ischemic injury to include (1) AMI (necrotic), (2) global cardiac arrest (necrotic), (3) cardiopulmonary bypass surgery (reversible) and (4) heart transplantation (reversible). Unlike Troponin, Nourin was detected in fresh blood samples collected from ACS patients as well as from frozen samples stored at −70° C. for 3 years.

Currently, Troponin released by necrotic heart tissue is the most widely used biomarker for AMI. However, Troponin is a marker of cell death and have certain drawbacks. For example, the Troponin complex is not highly stable as an extracellular protein, and thus its usefulness as a marker for AMI is diminished in samples that have been stored. Troponin also has low specificity where 50% of the time the elevated levels of Troponin give false positives for non-ischemic heart attack patients such as renal failure and non-ischemic heart failure.

[Although the Troponin test is currently the “Gold Standard” for determining if a patient has had a heart attack, it is a marker of “cell death” and requires three to six hours of waiting after the onset of chest pain in order for Troponin to appear in enough quantities to be measured in blood samples. At this stage, however, a delay is a missed treatment to save ischemic heart tissues and that a critical delay could lead to permanent cardiac damage and higher incidence of heart failure or death. Although the cardiac Troponin level is dependent on infarct size following reperfusion therapy, the actual Troponin level can be misleading due to the washout phenomenon. Moreover, truly elevated Troponin levels have also been detected in tachyarrhythmias, hypertension, myocarditis and patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). Thus, a multi-marker approach incorporating both biomarkers and clinical scores may improve the diagnostic accuracy.

Therefore, a need exists in the art for a better test to diagnose unstable angina and myocardial infarction that is “earlier” and more “specific” using a “non-invasive” laboratory test at a lower cost than current standard procedures. Since coronary artery disease is a leading health care threat to human lives, early and accurate diagnosis warrant immediate medical care, which would reduce mortality and improve prognosis.

Additionally, there is a need for a biomarker of ischemic injury without concomitant cell death that can detect subclinical or silent myocardial ischemia without infarction, as well as low-grade myocardial ischemia without cell death. This biomarker could also be used to monitor cardiac disease progression and predict drug therapy response in clinical trials.

Furthermore, since 40% to 60% of patients presenting with chest pain to ED are admitted, there is a need for a simple good negative test to accurately diagnose non-angina chest pain patients and reduce health care expenses by eliminating unnecessary hospital admissions. Finally, since the misdiagnosis of angina patients in the ED is the highest source of medical malpractice lawsuits in the U.S., there is a need for a simple good positive test to accurately diagnose angina patients and avoid the common misdiagnosis of this patient population.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Generally, in one aspect of the present invention, a novel Nourin gene-based RNA molecular network is disclosed for the early diagnosis of and differentiation between diseases or disorders using molecular network for the detection of RNAs released as a result of certain cardiac events, such as angina patients with negative Troponin and It reflects the disease progression and severity of heart damage.

The invention also allows for the diagnosis of angina with high sensitivity and specificity, in suspected patients with history of chest pain, and differentiates angina patients from acute myocardial infarction, as well as coronary artery disease patients from other non-cardiac causes and healthy individuals.

In yet another aspect of the present invention, the novel Nourin molecular network disclosed therein is composed of IncRNA_CTB89H12.4, hsa_miRNA_106b, hsa_miRNA_137, mRNA ANAPC11 and mRNA FTLH_17, can be utilized individually and together for early diagnosis of angina and AMI presenting with chest pain to hospital Emergency Departments (ED) and in outpatient clinics to allow for quick crucial intervention. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the two miRNAs related to Nourin gene hsa_miRNA_106b and hsa_miRNA_137 regulate the expression of Nourin protein via sponging of Nourin gene.

Furthermore, in another aspect of the present invention, the molecular pathway by which hsa_miRNA_106b (miR_106b) and hsa_miRNA_137 (miR_137) regulates the expression of Nourin gene are evident in coronary artery diseases and are strongly linked to myocardial ischemia. The present invention demonstrates that the downregulation of Nourin IncCTB9H12.4 in coronary artery disease patients compared to non-cardiac and healthy controls, is significantly associated with upregulation of miR_106b and has_miR_137 resulting in overexpression of ANAPC11 mRNA and FTLH-17 mRNA; respectively.

In another aspect of the present invention, the novel molecular network provides a non-invasive good positive test to diagnose angina patients, which is also a good negative test to accurately exclude non-angina patients.

In yet another aspect of the present invention, the novel molecular network has a high stability and is often present in tissue disease's specific expression and can be measured with high sensitivity and specificity.

In yet another aspect of the present invention, the novel Nourin molecular network disclosed therein is composed of Inc-RNACTB89H12.4, hsa-miRNA-137, and FTLH-17 mRNA can be utilized alone, and in combination with the Nourin protein.

Additionally, early diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) angina patients presenting with chest pain to hospital Emergency Department (ED) and outpatient clinics will permit crucial intervention. Early intervention of ischemic heart patients can, thus, abort infarction and save heart muscles. The molecular Nourin RNA network alone and in combination with the Nourin protein can also diagnose AMI patients earlier than Troponin; differentiate cardiac from non-cardiac patients presenting with chest pain to hospital ED and in outpatient clinics; monitor disease progression; and predict drug therapy response (myocardial cell damage) in clinical trials.

In another aspect of the present invention, the novel Nourin molecular network disclosed therein and Nourin protein have the potential to additionally diagnose subclinical or silent myocardial ischemia without infarction, as well as low-grade myocardial ischemia without cell death; screen CAD coronary artery patients for risk assessment to predict which patients are at risk for developing AMI; screen heart transplantation patients' blood samples for cardiac allograft inflammation, thus, reduce the invasive heart biopsies; and determine the risk level of heart patients experiencing chest pain who present to hospital ED and in outpatient clinics and provide risk stratification of AMI patients.

Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific examples, while indicating specific embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING

The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principle of the invention.

Bioinformatic analysis was done using BLAST program to retrieve relevant gene to the Nourin peptide sequence formyl substituted-MIINHNLAAINSHR (SEQ ID NO:16) that is the N-terminus portion of the Nourin peptide sequence and relevant to AMI based on previous microarray studies coronary artery disease based on previous microarray studies. Two novel competing endogenous RNA network that were related to Nourin protein expression were retrieved to assess their potentiality as early diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for ischemic cardic disease. A gene ontology analysis using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) indicated that the downregulation of Inc RNA_CTB89H12.4_ upregulates the expression of miR_106b and miR_137. Furthermore and subsequently, miR_106b (SEQ ID NO:21) and miR_137 (SEQ ID NO:22) regulate the expression of ferritin heavy polypeptide 17 (FTLH_17) and Anaphase Promoting Complex Subunit 11 (ANAPC11) (SEQ ID NO:20), and those miRNAs network were involved in Nourin autophagy signaling pathways in response to hypoxia and ischemia.

In the drawings,

FIG. 1 indicates a snapshot of expression of Atlas database showing retrieving target gene involved relevant to the Nourin-1 peptide sequence formyl-MIINHNLAAINSHR. https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?PROGRAM=blastp&PAGE_TYPE=BlastSearch&BLA ST_SPEC=OGP_9606_9558&LINK_LOC=blasttab&LAST_PAGE=blastn&QUERY=FMIIN HNLAAINSHR

FIG. 2 indicates a print screen showing BLAST alignment of FTLH-17 with Nourin also refer to as Nourin-1 peptide sequence formyl-MIINHNLAAINSHR, available at: https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?PROGRAM=blastp&PAGE_TYPE=BlastSearch&BLA ST_SPEC=OGP_9606_9558&LINK_LOC=blasttab&LAST_PAGE=blastn&QUERY=FMIIN HNLAAINSHR https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi#300244535

FIG. 3 indicates a snapshot showing gene ontology of FTLH17 mRNA. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/53940

FIG. 4 indicates a snapshot showing minimal gene expression of FTLH17 mRNA in normal tissues confirming the low level of Nourin FTLH17 mRNA and Nourin protein detected in serum and plasma samples collected from healthy volunteers. https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=FTHL17&keywords=FTHL17

FIG. 5 indicates a continuation of the snapshot showing minimal gene expression of FTLH17 mRNA in normal tissues confirming the low level of Nourin FTLH17 mRNA and Nourin protein detected in serum and plasma samples collected from healthy volunteers. https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=FTHL17&keywords=FTHL17 FIG. 6 indicates a print screen showing miRNA-137 targeting FTLH17 mRNA and it is available at: http://diana.imis.athenainnovation.gr/DianaTools/index.php?r=microT_CDS/results&keyword s=ENSG00000132446&genes=ENSG00000132446%20&mirnas=&descr=&threshold=0.7

FIG. 7 indicates a print screen showing the interaction between miRNA-137 and IncRNA-CTB89H12.4. Available at star base database.

FIG. 8 indicates the expression pattern and level of the Nourin-based molecular biomarker panel of FTLH-17 mRNA, hsa-miRNA-137 and IncRNA-CTB89H12.4 in comparison to Troponin I measured in the same serum samples collected from AMI patients and healthy volunteers. Results revealed that the two-log analysis of the three RNAs-based biomarker network (long non-coding intergenic RNA-(IncRNA-CTB89H12.4), Homo sapiens microRNA-37 (hsa-miRNA-137), and FTLH-17 mRNA, had high sensitivity and specificity for discriminating AMI patients from healthy controls. While the AMI group had a higher expression of FTLH-17 mRNA and hsa-miRNA-137 as well as elevated levels of Troponin I in comparison to the healthy control group, there is concomitant lower expression of IncRNACTB89H12.4 in AMI patients and higher expression in the healthy control group.

FIG. 9 indicates the expression level of the Nourin-based molecular biomarker FTLH-17 mRNA in comparison to Troponin I measured in serum samples of AMI patients and healthy volunteers. Highly significant difference by the independent t test (P<0.001).

FIG. 10 indicates the expression level of the Nourin-based molecular biomarker hsa-miRNA-137 in comparison to Troponin I measured in serum samples of AMI patients and healthy volunteers. Highly significant difference by the independent t test (P<0.001).

FIG. 11 indicates the expression level of the Nourin-based molecular biomarker IncRNA-CTB89H12.4 in comparison to Troponin I measured in serum samples of AMI patients and

FIG. 12 indicates the differential level of the Nourin protein measured with the ELISA immunoassay in Cardiac-AMI patients presenting to hospital ED with chest pain and non-cardiac patients also complaining of chest pain. The ELISA immunoassay measured antibodies (hereinafter referred to as “Nour001-A”) developed against Nourin polypeptide comprising of the epitope sequence N-f-MII moiety. Troponin negative (−) samples (labeled “Non-Cardiac) showed an average OD reading of approximately 2.2, whereas the Troponin positive (+) samples (labeled “Cardiac AMI”) showed an average OD reading of approximately 2.9, with no overlap between individual samples of the two types. The Nour001-A antibody assay showed a statistical significance difference (P=0.0001) between samples from Cardiac-AMI patients and Non-Cardiac patients with chest pain. When the same samples were stored for one month at −20° C. then thawed and subjected to the same ELISA test procedure, the data was similar to and confirmed the results obtained using fresh samples, showing a difference between Troponin (+) samples and Troponin (−) samples. In this repeat frozen-sample study, Troponin (+) samples showed an average OD of approximately 2.4, whereas the Troponin (−) samples showed an average OD of approximately 1.8. The lack of stability of Troponin as a significant drawback to its use as a marker for AMI in stored samples, is overcome by the Nourin assay. Thus, the Nour001-A antibody binding profile correlates well with Troponin level profile. As such, the Nour001-A antibody is well suited as a detection reagent for AMI and can differentiate between patients suffering AMI and patients complaining of chest pain, but not suffering AMI. The Nour001-A antibody, thus, can be used in diagnostic assay to differentiate AMI patients from non-cardiac.

FIG. 13 indicates the down-regulation of IncRNA-CTB89H12.4 after an AMI event resulted in up-regulation of hsa-miRNA-137 and activation of FTLH-17 mRNA with an increased translation and production of high levels of Nourin protein. There is none to a minimal gene expression of FTLH17 mRNA in normal non-stressed tissues. IncRNA-CTB89H12.4 is related to cardiomyocyte regeneration and angiogenesis and it is down-regulated after myocardial injury. FIG. 13 also indicates that the clinical application of the Nourin-based molecular biomarker panel composed of FTLH-17 mRNA, hsa-miRNA-137 and IncRNA-CTB89H12.4 can be used individually and in combination with the protein-based biomarker Nourin for better and faster diagnosis of AMI patients presenting with chest pain at the ED and in outpatient clinics.

FIG. 14 indicates the timeframe under which various assays for angina and AMI are useful and the absence of biomarkers for angina patients, while several are available for AMI patients. Specifically, the present Nourin assay can diagnose UA prior to a heart attack and it can be detected immediately after the initiation of AMI and up to at least 32 hours after an event. The Nourin protein was not tested beyond 32 hours after the onset of chest pain in AMI patients. The present Nourin assay is capable of diagnosing UA in patients, regardless of whether or not they ultimately suffer a heart attack. The myoglobin assay known in the art cannot detect UA and can detect AMI only between about 2 hours and 8 hours after AMI. The CK-MB assay known in the art likewise cannot detect UA, and is useful only between 6 hours and 36 hours after a heart attack. The Troponin assay is likewise limited to use only after 6 to 8 hours post-heart attack, although it can be detected up to 120 hours or more after an ischemic onset. Recent Troponin assays shortened the early detection time to 3 to 6 hours after the initiation of myocardial injury.

FIG. 15A-FIG. 15I indicate the sequence listing of the gene sequences for IncRNA-CTB89H12.4 by PatentIn software. Long non-coding intergenic RNA-(IncRNA_CTB89H12.4) (SEQ ID NO:19)

FIG. 16 is a comparative analysis for the expression levels of hsa_miRNA_106b (miR_106b) and hsa_miRNA_137 (miR_137) between: A) healthy controls and patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) composed of angina and acute myocardial infarction (AMI); B) angina and AMI patients; C) patients with early and late angina time, in which the early angina time of sample collection is a 1 to 10 hours after onset of chest pain, while late angina time of sample collection is 24 to 72 hours after onset of chest pain; and D) outpatients suspected of angina with history of chest pain confirmed (positive) or dismissed (negative) by stress ECHO/Treadmill test. Chi-square value of non-parametric Kruskal Wallis test, p value <0.01 is considered a high statistical significance, p value 0.05 is considered a significant difference between both groups.

FIG. 17A-FIG. 17H is a Boxplots graph illustrating the significantly high serum expression levels of miR-106b (A) and miR_137 (B) in coronary artery disease patients compared to healthy control group; the expression levels of miR_106b (C) and miR_137 (D) were also significantly higher in AMI patients compared to angina patients (p<0.01); additionally, higher expression levels were detected in late angina patients (24 to 72 hours after onset of chest pain) for miR_106b (E) and miR_137 (F) compared to early angina patients (1 to 10 hours after onset of chest pain); Finally, the expression levels of miR_106b (G) and miR_137 (H) were significantly higher in outpatient suspected angina patients whom they were positive by ECHO/Treadmill stress test compared to negative stress test group.

FIG. 18 is a Diagnostic and Prognostic efficacy of miR_106b and miR_137 in patients with myocardial injury [ROC curve analysis]. AUC: area under the curve, ROC: receiving operating characteristics.

FIG. 19A-FIG. 19D is a Receiving Operating Characteristics Curves (ROC) illustrating: (A): a 100% sensitivity for both miR_106b and miR_137, while, 94% specificity for miR_106b, and 95% specificity for miR_137 to diagnose and discriminate between patients with coronary artery disease and healthy controls; (B): a sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 79% were demonstrated for miR_106b compared to 75% sensitivity and 72% specificity for miR_137 to discriminate between early and late angina patients; (C): a high prognostic potentials were demonstrated for both miR_106b and miR_137 to discriminate angina from AMI patients; and (D): both Nourin related miR_106b and miR_137 showed a 100% sensitivity and 85% specificity in discriminating ECHO/Treadmill positive stress test of outpatient angina patients with history of chest pain from patients with non-angina and negative test.

FIG. 20 is a comparative analysis for the expression levels of mRNA_ANAPC11 (ANAPC11) and mRNA_FTLH_17 (FTHL_1) between: A) healthy controls and patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) composed of angina and acute myocardial infarction (AMI); B) angina and AMI patients; C) patients with early and late angina time, in which the early angina time of sample collection is a 1 to 10 hours after onset of chest pain, while late angina time of sample collection is 24 to 72 hours after onset of chest pain; and D) outpatients suspected of angina with history of chest pain confirmed (positive) or dismissed (negative) by stress ECHO/Treadmill test. Chi-square value of non-parametric Kruskal Wallis test, p value <0.01 is considered a high statistical significance, p value≤0.05 is considered a significant difference between both groups.

FIG. 21 is a comparative analysis for the expression levels of Inc-RNA_CTB89H12.4 between: A) healthy controls and patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) composed of angina and acute myocardial infarction (AMI); B) angina and AMI patients; (C) patients with early and late angina time, in which the early angina time of sample collection is a 1 to 10 hours after onset of chest pain, while late angina time of sample collection is 24 to 72 hours after onset of chest pain; and D) outpatients suspected of angina with history of chest pain confirmed (positive) or dismissed (negative) by stress ECHO/Treadmill test. Chi-square value of non-parametric Kruskal Wallis test, p value <0.01 is considered a high statistical significance, p value ≤0.05 is considered a significant difference between both groups.

FIG. 22A-FIG. 22L is a Boxplots graph illustrating a significant high serum expression levels of FTHL_1 in: (A): Coronary artery disease compared to healthy control group, (B): in AMI compared to Angina patients, and in (D): patients with chest pain that were positive to ECHO/Treadmill stress test compared to negative stress test patients (p<0.01). Similar results were observed for the expression of ANAPC11 in the same compared groups (E, F and H). In addition, patients with late stage angina (24 to 72 hours) showed a significant downregulation of serum FTHL_1 (C) and ANAPC11 (G) compared to early angina (1 to 10 hours) group (p<0.01). On the other hand, a significant decrease in serum levels of Inc-CTB89H12.4 was detected in: (I): Coronary artery disease compared to healthy control group, in (J): AMI compared to angina patients, and in (L): patients with chest pain that were positive to ECHO/Treadmill stress test compared to negative stress test patients (p<0.01). In contrary, a significant high expression levels of Inc-CTB89H12.4 was detected in angina patients at early stage of disease compared to late stages.

FIG. 23 is a Diagnostic and Prognostic efficacy of FTHL_1, ANAPC11 and Lnc_CTB89H12.4 in patients with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) [ROC curve analysis].

FIG. 24A-FIG. 24D is a Receiving Operating Characteristics Curves (ROC) illustrating: (A) the sensitivity and specificity for both FTHL_1, ANAPC11 and Inc-CTB89H12.4, to diagnose and discriminate A: between patients with Coronary artery Disease and healthy controls, (B): discriminates between early and late Angina patients. (C): to discriminate AMI from Angina patients, (D): in discriminating ECHO/Treadmill positive stress test from patients with negative test.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of the invention taken in connection with the accompanying drawing figures, which forms a part of this disclosure. It is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the specific devices, systems, conditions or parameters described and/or shown herein and that the terminology used herein is for the example only and is not intended to be limiting of the claimed invention. Also, as used in the specification including the appended claims, the singular forms ‘a’, ‘an’, and ‘the’ include the plural, and references to a particular numerical value includes at least that particular value unless the content clearly directs otherwise. Ranges may be expressed herein as from ‘about’ or ‘approximately’ another particular value. When such a range is expressed it is another embodiment. Also, it will be understood that unless otherwise indicated, dimensions and material characteristics stated herein are by way of example rather than limitation, and are for better understanding of sample embodiment of suitable utility, and variations outside of the stated values may also be within the scope of the invention depending upon the particular application.

Embodiments will now be described in details with reference to the accompanying drawings. To avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present disclosure, well-known features may not be described or substantially the same elements may not be redundantly described, for example. This is for ease of understanding.

The drawings and the following description are provided to enable those skilled in the art to fully understand the present disclosure and are in no way intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure as set forth in the appended claims.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, it discloses a novel AMI-specific Nourin RNA-based integrated competing endogenous molecular network as additional biomarkers for AMI patients. Using the amino acid sequence of Nourin purified from human hearts during reversible ischemia, we identified the Nourin gene-based RNA network through in silico data analysis after BLAST alignment with the Nourin sequence formyl substituted-MIINHNLAAINSHRSPGADGNGGEAMPGGGR (SEQ ID NO:15). We then investigated the serum Nourin gene-based RNA network expression level and pattern in AMI patients and healthy volunteers and compared them to Troponin I level.

Nourin-based RNA Network is an essential part of central dogma, RNA delivers genetic and regulatory information and reflects cellular states. Based on high-through put sequencing technologies, cumulating data show that various RNA molecules are able to serve as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases, for instance, cancer and cardiac ischemia. In particular, detectable in various bio-fluids, such as serum, saliva and urine, extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) are emerging as non-invasive biomarkers for earlier diagnosis, disease progression, monitor, and prediction of drug therapy response in clinical trials. Although RNAs are unstable in alkaline conditions, they are easy to detect and quantify at very low abundance. Compared to protein biomarkers, RNA biomarkers have more sensitivity and specificity. Standard qPCR technique enables traces of RNA sequences to be amplified and thus captured specifically with high sensitivity. Moreover, the cost of RNA biomarker is much lower than protein biomarker because detecting each protein requires a specific antibody. Additionally, compared with DNA biomarkers, RNA biomarkers have the advantage of providing dynamic insights into cellular states and regulatory processes than DNA biomarkers. Besides, RNA has multiple copies in a cell, which delivers more information than DNA. Moreover, some RNAs with specific structures, such as circular RNA, have the potential to exist stably in plasma and/or serum.

Competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) have been reported to regulate the distribution of miRNA molecules on their targets and thereby impose an additional level of post-transcriptional regulation. In particular, a muscle-specific IncRNA, linc-MD1, sponges miRNA-133 to regulate the expression of MAML1 and MEF2C, transcription factors that activate muscle-specific gene expression.

Furthermore, it was recently reported that the overexpression pattern of miR-106b-5p (SEQ ID NO: 21) in plasma of patients with atherosclerosis is more significantly changed than that of individuals without atherosclerotic disease. MiR-106b-5p targets multiple signal pathways in vascular endothelial cells, and might play an important role in the regulatory network of atherosclerotic gene expression. By calculating the pathway enrichment, the authors found that multiple signaling pathways enriched in differential gene profiles were closely related to the process of formation and rupture of atherosclerotic plaque, including phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB, also called Akt), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (Jak-STAT), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), toll like receptor (TLR) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and other signal pathways.

Studies by Elgebaly, S A et al. demonstrated that Nourin is rapidly released within 5 minutes by cardiovascular tissues in response to hypoxia and ischemia and that Nourin is a 3-KDa formyl peptide which acts through the formyl peptide receptors (FPR) on leukocytes and vascular endothelial tissues. As a potent inflammatory mediator, Nourin stimulates leukocyte chemotaxis, adhesion and activation. Specifically, Nourin stimulates the release of high levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 8 and interleukin 1β by human monocytes leading to tissue inflammation post ischemic injury.

It was found that HuR, which is under the repressive control of miRNA-133, is de-repressed due to the sponging activity of linc-MD1 on miRNA-133. This study, therefore, uncovered a feed forward positive loop involving muscle transcription factors, RNA binding proteins, miRNAs, and a IncRNA, that controls early phases of myogenesis. Interestingly, the levels of the muscle-specific IncRNA, linc-MD1 is strongly reduced in muscle cells of patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. In another study, it was reported that cardiac apoptosis-related IncRNA (CARL) could act as an endogenous miRNA-539 sponge to regulate PHB2 expression, mitochondrial fission and apoptosis. Modulation of their levels may provide a new approach for tackling apoptosis and myocardial infarction. Clearly, understanding this novel RNA crosstalk will lead to significant insight into gene regulatory networks and have implications in human development and disease.

Using both the functional leukocyte chemotaxis assay and the immunoassay ELISA, our studies demonstrated that the cardiac-derived Nourin peptide is rapidly released by ischemic heart tissue while it is still “viable” before cells are dead, as well as by necrotic hearts. Consistence results showing the “early” release of Nourin by ischemic hearts were demonstrated using various species (human, dog, rat and cow) as well as several models of ischemic injury to include AMI (necrotic), global cardiac arrest (necrotic), cardiopulmonary bypass surgery (reversible) and heart transplantation (reversible). The early release of Nourin by ischemic injury (FIG. 14) is clinically significant to abort infarction, save heart muscles and reduce myocardial injury. Unlike Troponin, Nourin was detected in fresh blood samples collected from ACS patients, as well as frozen samples stored at −70° C. for 3 years. The Nourin-based RNA network is an essential part of central dogma where RNA delivers genetic and regulatory information and reflects cellular states. RNA molecules are able to serve as non-invasive biomarkers for earlier disease diagnosis and level of risk, as well as monitor disease progression and prediction of drug therapy response on heart tissue. Compared to protein-based biomarkers, RNA biomarkers have more sensitivity and specificity as it can be tissue and disease specific.

It is known in the art that autophagy is a process involved in the clearance of damaged proteins and organelles and facilitates cellular health under various stress conditions including hypoxia, ischemia or oxidative stress. Reports indicate that cardiomyocyte autophagy develops in the heart during AMI and it is rapidly activated within 30 minutes after coronary ligation.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the Nourin molecular network composed of IncRNA_CTB89H12.4, hsa_miRNA_106b (SEQ ID NO:21), has_miRNA_137 (SEQ ID NO:22), mRNA ANAPC11 and mRNA FTLH_17 mRNA, as well as the Nourin amino acid sequence of formyl substituted-MIINHNLAAINSHR (SEQ ID NO:16) as an autophagy-related RNA panel linked to cardiovascular ischemia to specifically identify ischemic cardiac events such as angina and AMI. It is disclosed that autophagy-related Nourin gene-based RNA network may be utilized as an early biomarker for cardiac ischemia. Specifically, there was a down-regulation of RNA-CTB89H12 the downregulation of Nourin IncR_CTB9H12.4 after an AMI event, resulted in coronary artery disease patients compared to non-cardiac and healthy controls, is significantly associated with upregulation of miR_106b and miR_137 and activation resulting in overexpression of ANAPC11 mRNA and FTLH-17mRNA formyl substituted-MIINHNLAAINSHR (SEQ ID NO:16)17 mRNA; respectively with an increased translation and production of high levels of Nourin protein as a formyl substituted-MIINHNLAAINSHR (SEQ ID NO:16).

In another embodiment of the present invention, Nourin gene regulatory RNA molecular network is disclosed as additional biomarkers for coronary artery disease patients. Using the amino acid sequence of Nourin purified from human reversible ischemic hearts during reversible ischemia cardiac arrest of patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, the Applicant has identified the Nourin gene-based RNA network through in silico data analysis after BLAST alignment with formyl substituted-MIINHNLAAINSHRSPGADGNGGEAMPGGGR (SEQ ID NO:15).

In another embodiment of the present invention, the Nourin gene-based RNA network expression level and pattern were analyzed in serum samples of documented angina and non-angina, as well as AMI patients and healthy volunteers. The novel AMI-specific Nourin RNA-based integrated competing endogenous network is composed of:

-   (1) Ferritin heavy polypeptide 17 (FTLH-17) formyl     substituted-MIINHNLAA INSHR (SEQ ID NO:16) gene for Nourin mRNA; -   (2) Homo sapiens microRNA-137 (hsa-Anaphase Promoting Complex     Subunit 11 (ANAPC11) mRNA, RefSeq DNA sequence for ANAPC11 Gene “NC     000017.11” -   (3) miR_106b: miRNA: hsa-miR-106b-5p, assay ID: MIMAT0000680 with     provided sequence “5′UAAAGUGCUGACAGUGCAGAU” -   (4) miR_137: hsa-miR_137 gguccucuga cucucuucgg ugacggguau ucuugggugg     auaauacgga uuacguuguu auugcuuaag aauacgcgua gucgaggaga guaccagcgg ca     (SEQ ID NO:04) as a regulatory gene on FTLH-17; assay ID:     MIMAT0000429 and provided sequence “5′UUAUUGCUUAAGAAUACGCGUAG); and -   (5) long non-coding intergenic RNA-(IncRNA_CTB89H12.4) (SEQ ID     NO:19) an autophagy-related gene for cardiac ischemia and regulates     miR_106b and miRNA-137. Please refer to FIG. 15A-FIG. 15I.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the utilization of Nourin integrated genetic epigenetic approach, CTB89H12.4 may be involved in epigenetic activation of miR_106b and miR_137 with subsequent modulation of ANAPC11 mRNA and FTLH-17 mRNA; respectively with translation of Nourin formyl substituted-MIINHNLAA INSHR (SEQ ID NO:16), and with potential role in angina and AMI pathogenesis. Standard qPCR-based validation of the network was done in serum from angina, and non-angina patients collected during the first 8 hours of chest pain and serum from 31, AMI and healthy control volunteers. AMI clinical diagnosis was confirmed by angioplasty analysis (presence of a blood clot) and elevation of Troponin 1. The relation between the expression of Nourin RNA-based biomarker network and different clinicopathological factors was also explored, as well as the correlation between Nourin RNAs and the level of cardiac Troponin I assessed by Spearman correlation and T.

Compared with messenger RNAs presenting an average of 2,000 nucleotides long, mature miRNAs have a length of only ˜21 to 23 nucleotides. Their subsequent targeting mechanisms show a great deal of complexity because each miRNA can target thousands of transcripts, and one mRNA can contain several target sites for different miRNAs. Currently there are over 2,000 known miRNAs in humans and more are constantly being discovered and added to the miRNA database, “miRBase”. Several microRNAs have been shown to play major roles in myocardial ischemia. A previous study showed that microRNA-137 was down-regulated as the cardiomyocyte differentiates and proliferates, suggesting that miR-137 may play a critical role in cardiomyocyte regeneration. However, there has been no report yet on whether miRNA-137 gguccucuga cucucuucgg ugacggguau ucuugggugg auaauacgga uuacguuguu auugcuuaag aauacgcgua gucgaggaga guaccagcgg ca (SEQ ID NO:04) is differentially expressed in pathological cardiomyocytes such as AMI. miRNA-137 gguccucuga cucucuucgg ugacggguau ucuugggugg auaauacgga uuacguuguu auugcuuaag aauacgcgua gucgaggaga guaccagcgg ca (SEQ ID NO:04) has an important role in controlling embryonic neural stem cell fate. The down-regulated expression of miR-137 was observed in glioma stem cells and it regulates neuronal maturation. Additionally, miRNA-137 gguccucuga cucucuucgg ugacggguau ucuugggugg auaauacgga uuacguuguu auugcuuaag aauacgcgua gucgaggaga guaccagcgg ca (SEQ ID NO:04) is decreased in Alzheimer disease patients. The IncRNA-CTB89H12.4 [AC021078.1-201 (ENST00000499521.2)] is located on chromosome 5 and has 2 exons. IncRNA-CTB89H12.4 is also related to cardiomyocyte regeneration and angiogenesis.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the association of the Nourin gene-based RNA network with ANAPC11 mRNA and FTLH-17 mRNA, and miRNA-137 gguccucuga cucucuucgg ugacggguau ucuugggugg auaauacgga uuacguuguu auugcuuaag aauacgcgua gucgaggaga guaccagcgg ca (SEQ ID NO:04) and miR_106b, as well as IncRNA_CTB89H12.4 is demonstrated along with their expression pattern and level in angina, non-angina, AMI patients and healthy volunteers.

It is preferred that a biomarker of coronary artery disease (angina and AMI) should fulfill a number of the following criteria; including:

-   -   (1) it should be tissue-specific and abundantly expressed in         heart tissues;     -   (2) its expression level in circulation under normal conditions         should be extremely low or undetectable;     -   (3) in coronary artery disease patients, it should be quickly         released into the circulation from the damaged heart and stably         expressed for some time with a long half-life within the sample;     -   (4) accessible using noninvasive methods;     -   (5) the capability of rapid and accurate detection with a high         degree of sensitivity and specificity to the disease; and     -   (6) allows early detection with sensitivity to relevant changes         in the disease.

Circulating miRNAs fulfill a number of these criteria. They are stable in blood circulation, they are often regulated in a tissue- and pathology-specific manner, and they can be detected with high sensitivity and specificity using sequence-specific amplification.

It has been hypothesized that necrosis of cardiac cells after AMI results in the leakage of miRNAs into the circulation and that miRNAs highly, and preferably, specifically expressed in the heart might be used to diagnose acute coronary events. The identification of stable circulating miRNAs launches a new generation of potential biomarkers, for which assays can be developed with relative ease, at a relatively low expense, but with potentially better specificity and sensitivity. These assays could easily be designed to combine a large number of circulating miRNAs, which could drastically change the use and interpretation of circulating biomarkers as we know them. At the moment, most studies are investigating the usefulness of individual miRNAs as biomarker for disease, but none of the prior art document has reported that a combination of multiple miRNAs like the Nourin RNA network, which are related to each other and cardiovascular ischemia, would provide greater accuracy with high sensitivity and specificity.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the preclinical study of the invention confirmed the following:

-   -   (1) the rapid release of Nourin by reversible ischemic hearts         and     -   (2) necrotic tissues in many animal models of unstable angina         and AMI;     -   (3) the biological activity of Nourin as a potent inflammatory         mediator;     -   (4) purification of Nourin from human reversible ischemic hearts         (patients undergoing bypass surgery);     -   (5) identification of amino acid sequence of Nourin released by         human reversible ischemic hearts; and     -   (6) development of an antibody-based ELISA assay against the         amino acid sequence of the Nourin epitope N-f-MII.

In another embodiment, the clinical application of the Nourin functional assay (leukocyte Chemotaxis) and the Nourin ELISA immunoassay (Nourin epitope f-MII) successfully established that:

-   -   (1) Nourin released by reversible ischemic hearts was detected         in cardioplegic samples collected from patients undergoing open         heart surgery and in serum and plasma samples collected from         patients experiencing unstable angina while the heart muscles         are still alive. A very important finding to permit early         crucial therapy and save heart muscles from progressing to         necrotic injury;     -   (2) Nourin is much earlier than the current gold standard         Troponin in diagnosing unstable angina and AMI patients;     -   (3) Nourin can diagnose ACS patients immediately upon arrival to         hospital ED without the required 3 to 6 hours wait for Troponin         to be released by necrotic hearts at measurable levels in blood         samples;     -   (4) Nourin can differentiate patients presenting to hospital ED         with chest pain due to cardiac AMI from non-cardiac patients         with also chest pain; and     -   (5) in comparison to the lack of stability of Troponin, Nourin         is stable in ACS patients' samples kept frozen for three years.

The rapid and accurate diagnosis of unstable angina and heart attack patients presenting with chest pain to hospital ED and outpatient clinics play a significant role in saving patients' lives. Therefore, there is a crucial need for biomarkers that can quickly diagnose ACS patients while the myocardial tissue is still viable to permit early crucial therapy to save heart muscles and reduce myocardial necrosis and heart failure. Approximately 50% of AMI patients progress to heart failure. Therefore, the Applicants established that the autophagy-related Nourin gene-based RNA network as an early new biomarker for cardiac ischemia to save heart tissue.

In another embodiment of the present invention, an assay for the detection of one or more small molecules that are released as a result of certain heart disorders, including angina and AMI are disclosed. Unlike the Troponin assay currently in use as a marker of necrosis, the Nourin assay according to the invention uses a biomarker for reversible ischemia before death. The Nourin assay can be used to diagnose angina patients presenting with chest pain to hospital ED and in outpatient clinics, and also can be used to distinguish between cardiac patients (angina and heart attack) and non-heart related symptoms of chest pain, as well as healthy individuals.

Therefore, in view of the above the Nourin assay, it can:

-   -   (1) identify unstable angina patients and reduce medical         malpractice costs associated with missed heart attacks;     -   (2) complement and enhance the usefulness or replace Troponin         assay to rule in or out unstable angina and heart attack;     -   (3) unlike Troponin, it can immediately identify angina and         heart attack patients at arrival at hospital ED and eliminates         the current required two to six hours of waiting; thus, allows         crucial therapy to save heart muscles from dying; and     -   (4) reduce health care expenses by eliminating unnecessary         hospital admissions of non-cardiac chest pain patients.     -   (5) also reduce potential medical lawsuits due to missed         diagnosis of angina patients. In another embodiment of the         present invention, the aforementioned assay involves the use of         at least one, and preferably five Nourin RNAs that are released         as a result of cardiac ischemia including UA (angina and AMI).         More specifically, the invention provides for the use of the         qPCR assay to detect a Nourin molecular network composed of         IncRNA_CTB89H12.4 (SEQ ID NO: 19), has_miRNA106b, hsa-miRNA-137         gguccucuga cucucuucgg ugacggguau ucuugggugg auaauacgga         uuacguuguu auugcuuaag aauacgcgua gucgaggaga guaccagcgg ca (SEQ         ID NO: 04), and FTLH-17 mRNA as an autophagy-related RNA panel         linked to each other and to cardiovascular ischemia to         specifically identify ischemic cardiac events such as UA and         AMI.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the use of one or the three qPCR assays to detect Nourin RNAs that are released from cardiac tissue cells upon an episode of angina and AMI. The aforementioned RNAs, used alone or in combination, can thus be used to detect angina and AMI and to diagnose the cause of chest pain in cardiac patients as angina, AMI or con-cardiac. It is pertinent to note that, the RNAs can differentiate between patients experiencing or having recently experienced angina and AMI from those having chest pain, but not experiencing of having ACS related to heart ischemia.

In addition, at least one, and preferably three RNAs can be used to:

-   -   (1) detect subclinical or silent myocardial ischemia without         infarction as well as low grade myocardial ischemia without cell         death;     -   (2) identify disease risk and monitor progression; and     -   (3) predict drug therapy response on heart tissues in clinical         trials.

In another embodiment of the present invention, it is evidenced that serum Nourin-based FTLH-17 mRNA, hsa-miRNA-137 gguccucuga cucucuucgg ugacggguau ucuugggugg auaauacgga uuacguuguu auugcuuaag aauacgcgua gucgaggaga guaccagcgg ca (SEQ ID NO: 04), and the Nourin protein measured by antibody to the Nourin polypeptide comprising of the epitope sequence N-f-MII are elevated in UA and AMI patients, while the level of IncRNA-CTB89H12.4 (SEQ ID NO: 19) dropped in AMI patients' samples. Based on these results, it is likely that miRNA-137-5p acggguauuc uuggguggau aau (SEQ ID NO:05) and miRNA-137-3p uuauugcuua agaauacgcg uag (SEQ ID NO:06) are also elevated in AMI patients' serum samples. Accordingly, combining the integrated genetic epigenetic approach of Nourin RNAs and the Nourin peptide could be a powerful panel of biomarkers for the early diagnosis of UA and AMI patients. For polygenic diseases such as AMI and a complex human serum, it is expected that a single gene biomarker approach may not suffice for the high-performance requirement of AMI diagnosis. Therefore, by enlisting multiple Nourin gene network and the Nourin peptide that are functionally linked to each other and to AMI functional networks, it will increase the chance of success than the simpler conventional single-marker approach (e.g., Troponin) as a useful diagnostic and disease monitoring biomarkers to complement protein-based biomarkers and classical risk factors for AMI diagnosis and prognosis.

In another embodiment of the present invention, using the standard chemotaxis functional assay and the ELISA immunoassay, clinical studies demonstrated that the level of Nourin was 3-fold higher in plasmas of ACS (UA and AMI) patients who presented to the ED within 1.5 to 3.5 hours after the onset of symptoms, while the standard cardiac biomarkers Troponin T and CK-MB were not detected. After clinical confirmation of ACS patients, Troponin was detected in AMI patients' samples and lasted for 36 hours. Nourin was also detected in same samples after 32 hours of onset of chest pain. Nourin level was not tested beyond the 32 hours. Additionally, an ELISA assay using antibodies developed specifically against Nourin's epitope N-f-MII moiety (hereinafter referred as “Nour001-A”) demonstrated clinically:

-   -   (1) the detection of high levels of cardiac Nourin in frozen         plasma samples (−70° C. for 3 years) collected from ACS patients         within the first 8 hours of chest pain when Troponin I level was         below the clinical-decision level (below 0.07 ng/ml) but were         later confirmed the diagnosis of ACS; thus, Nourin ELISA         distinguished ACS patients from non-cardiac patients with chest         pain.     -   (2) the detection of high levels of cardiac Nourin in AMI         patients' fresh plasma samples collected within the first 8         hours of chest pain when Troponin I levels were below the         clinical-decision level (below 0.07 ng/ml) but were later         confirmed the diagnosis of AMI; thus, Nourin ELISA distinguished         AMI patients from non-cardiac patients with chest pain; and     -   (3) Nourin was not detected in plasma samples collected from         non-cardiac patients also presenting to the ED within the first         8 hours of chest pain with negative Troponin I.

It is pertinent to note that a number of studies have indicated that the post transcriptional regulatory RNAs such as circulating non-coding micro RNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (IncRNAs) are potential biomarkers for AMI. Cardiac injury following AMI is known to increase the expression levels of circulating miRNAs such as miRNA-208a ugacgggcga gcuuuuggcc cggguuauac cugaugcuca cguauaagac gagcaaaaag cuuguugguc a (SEQ ID NO:07) miRNA-208a-5p gagcuuuugg cccggguuau ac (SEQ ID NO:08), miRNA-208a-3p auaagacgag caaaaagcuu gu (SEQ ID NO:09), miRNA-133 acaaugcuuu gcuagagcug guaaaaugga accaaaucgc cucuucaaug gauuugguccccuucaacca gcuguagcua ugcauuga (SEQ ID NO:01). miRNA-133a-5p agcugguaaa auggaaccaa au (SEQ ID NO:02), miRNA-133a-3p uuuggucccc uucaaccagc ug (SEQ ID NO:04), miRNA-1 ugggaaacau acuucuuuau augcccauau ggaccugcua agcuauggaa uguaaagaag uauguaucuc a (SEQ ID NO:10), miRNA-1-5p acauacuucu uuauaugccc au (SEQ ID NO:11), miRNA-1-3p uggaauguaa agaaguaugu au (SEQ ID NO:12) and miRNA-499-5p uuaagacuug cagugauguu u (SEQ ID NO:13), miRNA-499a-3p aacaucacag caagucugug cu (SEQ ID NO:14). The concentration of miRNA-208a, miRNA-133a, and miRNA-499 is elevated after ACS suggesting that circulating miRNA as diagnostic biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases. The cardiac-specific miR-208a is the most promising STEMI biomarker reported. The first three miRNAs (miRNA-208a, miRNA-133, miRNA-1) peak at 3 hours after AMI and miRNA-499 at 12 hours. Experimentally, the levels of miRNAs in plasma were highly comparable with cardiac Troponin levels in their rat model of isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury. They found miRNA-208 to be undetectable at baseline, increased after 3 hours of isoproterenol treatment, and significantly elevated up to 12 hours. MiRNA-208 was also found to be rapidly induced in rodent models of AMI where it was undetectable in sham-operated animals, increased at 30 minutes, peaked at 3 hours, and disappeared from plasma at 24 hours. In a subgroup of 20 patients with AMI of which blood samples were collected within 4 hours after the onset of symptoms, miRNA-208 was detected in all patients, whereas Troponin I was only detected in 85% of the patients, confirming the superior sensitivity of miRNA-208 at early time points. In a clinical setting the differences in time courses of release between specific miRNAs and Troponin I might be valuable. Especially in the consideration of the fact that the Troponin I levels begin to rise only 3 to 8 hours after AMI, diagnosis via biomarkers with a faster cardiac release, such as miRNA-208, miRNA-1, and miRNA-133, might be beneficial.

The release of miRNAs can be (a) actively secreted and these molecules are referred to as circulating miRNAs, (b) through a jab junction dependent mechanism and (c) as a consequence of cellular content release (macrovesicles, exosomes) following necrosis, for instances during an AMI. MicroRNAs play a pivotal role in a wide range of regulatory processes in the cells and in fact miRNAs deficiencies or excesses have been linked to a number of cardiovascular diseases. The apparent minimal effects of miRNAs under non-stress conditions as compared to their specific involvement during responses to AMI make miRNAs attractive diagnostic targets with little or no effects from normal non-stressed tissues. Similarly, the circulating IncRNA MIAT has been expressed in AMI patients and was able to distinguish STEMI from NSTEMI. However, the circulating IncRNA UCA1 decreased in AMI patients at two hours after the onset of symptoms. At this stage, certain miRNAs individually or in combination may possibly complement protein-based biomarkers and classical risk factors for AMI diagnosis and prognosis.

Circulating miRNAs are emerging as blood-based biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases since they offer many attractive features of biomarkers. They are stable in the circulation, their sequences are evolutionarily conserved, their expression is often tissue or pathology specific, and their detection is based on sequence-specific such as in the case of Nourin, features that are helpful in the development of sensitive and specific assays. In cardiovascular disease, “distinctive patterns” of circulating miRNAs have thus far been found for AMI, coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension, heart failure (HF), and viral myocarditis (VM). Circulating miRNAs are found to be remarkably stable in plasma even under harsh conditions as boiling, low or high pH, long-term storage at room temperature, and in multiple freeze-thaw cycles. IncRNAs are also found to be present in circulation in a remarkably stable form, which can withdraw multiple freeze-thaw cycles and are resistant against RNase-mediated degradation.

Additional procedures to detect the circulating Nourin RNAs in cardiac patients' samples are by measuring exosomes and extracellular vesicles. In addition to the use of the standard qPCR, the Nourin-based RNA network can be detected in cardiac patients' samples using gold coated magnetic nanoparticles as a non-PCR based technique. For this Nanogold assay, the Nourin RNAs will be either extracted or measured directly in patients' samples without purification or pre-amplification. The Nanogold assay uses magnet beads coated with specific probe and gold nanoparticles to facilitate both RNA extraction and detection of expression using nanoparticles which seems to save time and cost. This assay will measure the Nourin RNA panel of markers in various sera samples. A citrate-capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) assay for the direct detection of unamplified Nourin-based RNA network in sera samples for the early diagnosis of AMI patients. The assay employs magnet nanoparticles (MNPs) functionalized with Nourin-based RNA-specific oligonucleotides for capturing and purifying the target RNA and AuNPs for detection. The method depends on colorimetric determination of unamplified RNA. In addition, Nourin-based RNA panel of markers can be detected in cardiac patients' samples using the technology provided commercially, for example by Multiplex miRNA assays measuring the Nourin-based RNA network via total circulating RNAs, Multiplex miRNA assays with FirePlex® particle technology enable simultaneous profiling of 65 miRNAs directly from small amounts of biofluid or FFPE, without RNA purification or pre-amplification. Assays can be customizable for the Nourin-based RNA panel of markers and suitable for both discovery and verification studies. Readout uses a standard flow cytometer. Additionally, sensor chip procedures can be used to detect the Nourin-based RNA network and the Nourin protein including and not limited to Nourin epitope f-MII.

The invention provides important multiple signal pathways for Nourin gene related to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (hsa_miRNA_106b) and myocardial tissue damage (hsa_miRNA_137). The association of hsa_miRNA_106b with angina and AMI pathology and inflammatory pathway, as well as the association of hsa_miRNA_137 with myocardial ischemic injury, serve the basis for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic applications.

The invention will be further explained by the following Examples, which are intended to purely exemplary of the invention, and should not be considered as limiting the invention in any way.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Identify the Nourin Gene-Based RNA Network as Biomarkers for Cardiac Patients.

A combined approach of: (1) bioinformatic analysis (software analysis) using previous microarray studies was conducted and the results were related to our known Nourin peptide sequence to retrieve the Nourin-based RNAs; and (2) biomarker verification was conducted by determining the expression levels and pattern of Nourin RNAs in AMI patients' serum samples and compare them to healthy volunteers using standard qPCR.

To retrieve IncRNA-associated competing endogenous RNAs based on Nourin (Nourin ceRNAs) and to establish their clinical relevance in AMI patients based on previous microarray studies, the following three steps were conducted: (1) biomarker retrieval step to analyze ncRNA gene placement relative to AMI associated genes through public databases and to analyze IncRNA-miRNA interaction databases to IncRNA specific for AMI; (2) bioinformatic validation of the chosen IncRNA-associated competing endogenous RNAs related to AMI; and (3) using the standard quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) molecular assay to validate the chosen biomarker as a diagnostic marker for early detection of AMI in sera samples in comparison to the gold standard cardiac marker Troponin I.

Nourin RNA analysis was performed on serum samples collected from 69 AMI patients who were diagnosed with documented acute myocardial infarction and ongoing chest pain for 8 hours at the Emergency Department and 31 healthy normal volunteers with matching age and sex to the AMI patients' groups. AMI was diagnosed within the first 8 hours of chest pain on the basis of the presence of a blood clot in the coronary artery confirmed by angiography procedures and elevated serum Troponin I levels, in addition to clinical symptoms & history consistent with cardiac ischemia. The criteria for diagnosing AMI was in accordance with the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines and reflected the clinical judgment of two experienced independent cardiologists. Patients were excluded from the study if they have a history of hepatitis, hepatic failure, end-stage renal failure, cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, bleeding disorders, previous thoracic irradiation therapy, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and arthritis or malignant disease. Blood samples were obtained once within the first 8 hours of chest pain and were centrifuged and the serum was separated, aliquoted and stored immediately at −80° C. for further processing.

Blood samples were collected from 69 AMI patients and 31 healthy controls in primary blood collection tubes without clot activator and without anticoagulants such as EDTA or citrate (red-topped tubes). These blood samples were left at room temperature for a minimum of 30 min (and a maximum of 60 min) to allow complete blood clotting in the red-topped tubes. The clotted blood samples were then centrifuged at 1300×g at 4° C. for 20 min. The upper yellow serum was carefully removed, transferred to a polypropylene capped tube in 1 ml aliquots and stored at −80° C. until they are assayed by qPCR. All serum samples were labeled with a unique identifier to protect the confidentiality of the patients. None of the serum samples were allowed to thaw before analysis to minimize protein degradation and precipitation.

Biomarker validation using qPCR involved (1) extraction of the total RNA from serum samples (AMI and healthy); (2) generation of cDNA through reverse transcription; (3) measurement of cDNA using qPCR; and (4) evaluation of results by the plot curve analysis software of Rotor Gene to confirm specificities then amplification plot and data analysis. For the extraction of total RNA, including IncRNA, miRNA and mRNA from sera samples, miRNEasy RNA isolation kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) was used according to manufacturer's instructions. The RNA samples were dissolved in 30 μl of nuclease-free water. The concentration of RNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, USA). Total cDNA including cDNA for miRNA, mRNAs and IncRNA was prepared from sera samples and were loaded to Rotor Gene Thermal cycler (Thermo Electron Waltham, Mass.) using miScript II RT Kit (Qiagen, Germany) by adding 2 ul 10× miScript Nucleics Mix, 4 ul 5× miScript HiFlex Buffer, 1 ul miScript Reverse Transcriptase Mix and RNase free water to 2 ug RNA and the mixture was incubated for 60 minutes at 37° C. then for 5 minutes at 95° C.

Quantification of the expression pattern and levels of Nourin gene-based RNA network panel by qPCR included: IncRNA-CTB89H12.4 and FTLH-17 mRNA expression in sera samples were quantified by adding 10 ul 2×RT²SYBR Green ROX qPCR Mastermix and QuantiTect SYBR Green PCR Kit, respectively, RT²IncRNAq PCR Assay for RT² IncRNA qPCR Assay for Human CSNK1A1 (ENST00000499521) and Hs_FTHL17_1_SG QuantiTect Primer Assay (NM_031894), 2 ul template cDNA and RNase free water to a final volume of 20 ul Hs_ACTB_1_SG QuantiTect Primer Assay (NM_001101) was used as housekeeping gene to normalize our raw data as the invariant control for the samples, and compared with a reference sample. The PCR program for relative IncRNA-CTB89H12.4 quantification was conducted as follow: firstly, denaturation at 95° C. for 10 min; followed by 45 cycles of denaturation for 15 seconds at 95° C.; then annealing for 30 seconds at 55° C. and extension for 30 seconds at 70° C.

To quantify the expression of hsa-miR-137 in the different sera samples, we used miScript SYBR Green PCR Kit (Qiagen/SA Biosciences Corporation, Frederick, Md.) by adding 10 ul 2× miScript SYBR Green PCR Master Mix, 2 ul 10× miScript Universal Primer, 2 ul 10× miScript Primer Assay for either Hs_miR-137_1 miScript Primer Assay targets mature miRNA: hsa-miR-137 (MIMAT0000429: 5′UUAUUGCUUAAGAAUACGCGUAG) or RNU6B, 2 ul template cDNA and RNase free water to a final volume of 20 ul. All the PCR primers were purchased from (Qiagen, Germany Md.). The real-time cycler was programmed for relative quantification of FTLH-17 mRNA and Hsa-miRNA-137 as follows: initial activation step for 15 min at 95° C. to activate HotStarTaq DNA Polymerase. 40 cycle of PCR were performed under the following conditions; 15 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 55° C. and 30 seconds at 72° C. for denaturation, annealing and extension respectively. Each reaction was carried out in triplicate. Relative quantification of RNA-based biomarker panel expression was calculated using Leviak method RQ=2^(−ΔΔCt) method. The threshold cycle (Ct) value of each sample was calculated using the Rotor Gene real time PCR detection system (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Any Ct value more than 36 was considered negative. The results were analyzed by the plot curve analysis software of Rotor Gene. Amplification plots and Tm values were analyzed to confirm the specificities of the amplicons for SybrGreen-base amplification.

For Nourin RNA's stability in the collected blood samples, we have stored sera samples at −70 for about (4 to 6 months). Sera samples were processed within half an hour after collection and aliquoted to minimize freeze thaw cycle. We have used spin columns with small pore sizes in an attempt to concentrate serum RNA before the precipitation step and have checked the concentration and purity of RNA using U/V spectrophotometer. Real time PCR was done after RNA extraction at the same day. Mean delta CT for housekeeping genes were 24 indicating average RNA expression. In general, RNAs are stable in serum for 2 years. We have investigated miRNA and long non-coding RNA which are already most stable forms of RNA. In general, miRNAs are detected in serum or plasma in a remarkable stable form and can withstand repetitive freezing and thawing cycles. In addition, circulating miRNAs are resistant against RNase-mediated degradation.

Measurement of cardiac Troponin I was conducted in serum samples collected from AMI patients and healthy control samples. The manufacturer of cardiac Troponin I is Siemens (adiva contour). The cardiac Troponin I assay is a 3-site sandwich immunoassay using direct chemillumenscence. The units for the measurements are ng/ml and the 99th percentile upper reference limit of a range 0.04 ng/ml.

All statistical data were executed using SPSS 22 Mann Whitney, independent t test, and chi-square test were used as appropriate to complete comparisons. To characterize the predictive value of the selected RNA-based biomarker panel for AMI, the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was carried out. The Spearman correlation was performed to detect the associations between RNA-based biomarker network expression and clinicopathological parameters. Two-tailed P value of 0.05 or less was supposed to be statistically significant.

Additional procedures to detect the circulating Nourin RNAs in cardiac patients' samples are by measuring exosomes and extracellular vesicles. Furthermore, in addition to the use of the standard qPCR, the Nourin-based RNA network can be detected in cardiac patients' samples using the gold coated magnetic nanoparticles as a non-PCR based technique. For this Nanogold assay, the Nourin RNAs will be either extracted or measured directly in patients' samples without purification or pre-amplification. This assay will measure the Nourin RNA panel of markers in various sera samples. In addition, Nourin-based RNA panel of markers can be detected in cardiac patients' samples using the technology provided commercially, for example by Multiplex miRNA assays measuring the Nourin-based RNA network via total circulating RNAs, Multiplex miRNA assays with FirePlex® particle technology enable simultaneous profiling of 65 miRNAs directly from small amounts of biofluid or FFPE, without RNA purification or pre-amplification. Assays can be customizable for the Nourin-based RNA panel of markers and suitable for both discovery and verification studies. Readout uses a standard flow cytometer. Additionally, sensor chip procedures can be used to detect the Nourin-based RNA network and the Nourin protein including and not limited to Nourin epitope N-f-MII.

Furthermore, the Point-of-Care (POC) procedures can be used to rapidly within 15 minutes detect in cardiac patients' samples the circulating Nourin RNAs including RNA FTLH-17 mRNA, miRNA-137 and IncRNA-CTB89H12.4 as well as the Nourin epitope N-f-MII. The POC diagnostics has been emerged as a promising real-world application. The POC ecosystem is evolving faster than ever and new technology has to fit into a broader landscape. Some of the main advantages of POC diagnostic device include the use of smaller sample volume, lower test costs and faster turn-around-times i.e., 15 minutes vs, 4 hours to 24 hours for PCR. Beside its rapid and precise response, its portability, low cost and non-requirement of specialized equipment are important advantages. The challenge is that the POC devices use smaller sample volumes to achieve the same detection limit as standardized laboratory equipment. It requires the integration of assay chemistry, fluidics, hardware and software.

A POC device can use a chip-based technology to examine different analytes in various samples including blood, urine and tissue biopsies. Microfluidics and biosensor can use numerous materials such as glass, silicon, polymer, and paper for the fabrication of microfluidics-based POC devices along with their wide range of biosensor applications. Recent development in nanomaterials, device design, and microfabrication technologies have made it possible to obtain POC devices with enhanced sensing characteristics. Breakthroughs such as the recently published method of 3D printing microfluidics lab-on-a-chip devices could help lead to cheaper mass-production of diagnostic devices. The use of smartphones paired to microfluidics could enable an increased range and ability of POC testing, with the development of devices such as the TRI analyzer on the horizon, it is possible to achieve limits of detection that are comparable to those obtained for the same assay measured with a conventional laboratory microplate reader, demonstrating the flexibility of the system to serve as a platform for rapid, simple translation of existing commercially available bio sensing assays to a POC setting. POC portable devices identification method can be based on microarray platform require extensive testing and validation comparing the outcome with more traditional methods of detection. Thus, the high-performance RNA-detection methods for all types of clinically relevant RNAs (mRNAs, miRNAs and IncRNAs) are based on molecular-biology techniques including and not limited to qPCR, microarrays, nanoparticles, microfluidics and biosensor.

Example 2 Retrieve Molecular Biomarkers Relevant to AMI and Related to the Nourin Peptide Sequence.

Bioinformatic analysis was done to retrieve biomarkers relevant to AMI and related to the Nourin peptide sequence based on previous microarray studies. The bioinformatic analysis included a number of blast programs to retrieve relevant genes to the Nourin peptide sequence. We have retrieved Ferritin heavy polypeptide 17 (FTLH-17) gene after BLAST alignment 100% with the Nourin-1 peptide sequence (U.S. Pat. No. 7,659,091 B2)

formyl substituted-MIINHNLAAINSHRSPGADGNGGEAMPGGGR (SEQ ID NO:15). Ferritin is the major intracellular iron storage protein in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It is composed of 24 subunits of the heavy and light ferritin chains. Variation in ferritin subunit composition may affect the rates of iron uptake and release in different tissues. A major function of ferritin is the storage of iron in a soluble and nontoxic state. We have then identified the Nourin gene-based RNA network through in silico data analysis. For clinical validation of the chosen Nourin gene-based RNA network as diagnostic biomarkers for early diagnosis of AMI, we have investigated the serum gene network expression of Nourin FTLH1 mRNA, hsa-miR-137 and long non-coding RNA-CTB-89H12.4 in AMI patients' serum samples collected within the first 8 hours of chest pain as well as in healthy control samples.

To retrieve the IncRNA-associated competing endogenous RNAs based on Nourin sequence & its relevant to AMI based on previous microarray studies, we conducted the following four blast programs to retrieve the relevant gene to the Nourin peptide sequence: (1) using Atlas database retrieving target gene involved that is relevant to the Nourin peptide. we have selected the FTLH17 gene after BLAST alignment with the Nourin sequence

formyl substituted-MIINHNLAAINSHRSPGADGNGGEAMPGGGR (SEQ ID NO:15) corresponding to Nourin-1 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,659,091 B2) with sequence identity 100% and confirmed by gene ontology which revealed that FTLH17 gene is related to autophagy and cardiac ischemia (reversible and irreversible cardiac ischemia as seen in UA and AMI patients) as illustrated in FIG. 1, FIG. 2 and FIG. 3; (2) we then confirmed the low expression of FTLH17 mRNA in normal tissues (FIG. 4 and FIG. 5). This low expression of FTLH17 mRNA in normal heart was reported in by two techniques out of three. For normal kidney, one technique proved low expression and other 2 techniques negative. Together, FTLH17mRNA is expressed at low level in normal heart, but more than other tissues (FIG. 4 and FIG. 5); (3) next, we used Diana database to retrieve miRNA-137 that acts as epigenetic regulator of FTLH-17 mRNA and by performing pathway enrichment analysis we confirmed that miRNA-137 is related to autophagy and cardiac ischemia (FIG. 6); and finally, (4) we have selected IncRNA-CTB89H12.4 that acts as miRNA-137 sponge through Starbase database (FIG. 7).

Example 3

Differentiation of AMI Patients with Chest Pain from Healthy Controls using the Nourin FTLH-17 mRNA gene, long non-coding intergenic RNA-(IncRNA-CTB89H12.4) and Homo sapiens microRNA-137 (hsa-miRNA-137).

After identification of the Nourin gene-based RNA network retrieved through in silico data analysis, we determined the Nourin RNA expression pattern and level in 69 AMI patients presenting to hospital ED with chest pain within 8 hours after onset of symptoms and 31 healthy volunteers as an important first step to determine the biomarker signatures of Nourin that will be effective in AMI detection. Specifically, we investigated the Nourin gene-based RNA network expression as a novel AMI-specific RNA-based integrated competing endogenous network composed of ferritin heavy polypeptide 17 (FTLH-17 mRNA) gene, long non-coding intergenic RNA-(IncRNA-CTB89H12.4) and Homo sapiens microRNA-137 (hsa-miRNA-137) selected by in silico data analysis. Standard RT-qPCR-based validation of the network was used and the relation between the expression of Nourin RNA-based biomarker network and different clinicopathological factors was explored. The correlation between Nourin RNAs and the level of cardiac Troponin I was assessed by Spearman correlation.

Results revealed that the expression pattern and level of the Nourin-gene RNA network composed of long non-coding intergenic RNA-(IncRNA-CTB89H12.4), Homo sapiens microRNA-37 (hsa-miRNA-137), and FTLH-17 mRNA had high sensitivity and specificity for discriminating AMI patients from healthy controls (FIG. 8). The recorded average of onset of chest pain is 6.52 hours. There was no significant difference detected between the expression of serum Nourin RNAs and the distribution of sex, smoking, diabetes mellitus, cholesterol, hypertension and the type of treatment in the AMI group. Furthermore, the RNA-based network and Troponin I were detected in clinically documented AMI patients with anterior STEMI, inferior STEMI as well as Non-TEMI (NSTEMI). There was a significant correlation, however, between Nourin FTLH-17 mRNA (FIG. 9) and microRNA-37 (hsa-miRNA-137) (FIG. 10) and the level of the standard cardiac marker, Troponin I with concomitant negative correlation between IncRNA-CTB89H12.4 (FIG. 11) and cardiac Troponin I level in AMI and healthy serum samples. Since there was a correlation between Nourin RNA molecular biomarker panel and cardiac Troponin I level in both AMI serum samples, a combined assay that uses the Nourin protein (e.g., epitope N-f-MII) and the Nourin multiple genes that are functionally linked to each other and to AMI molecular networks, increases the chance of a higher success to accurately diagnose AMI patients than the simpler conventional single-marker approach for Troponin I. The circulating transcriptome of the Nourin gene-based RNA network expression has been revealed as a potential class of non-invasive biomarker with high specificity and sensitivity for early detection of AMI. We proposed an integrative approach between differential FTLH-17 gene expression with the selected epigenetic regulators and this approach has generated an interesting new Nourin-based molecular biomarker panel (IncRNA-CTB89H12.4, hsa-miRNA-137, and FTLH-17 mRNA) for the early diagnosis of AMI patients presenting with chest pain to hospital ED and outpatient clinics. Since the Nourin RNAs are stable, specific and abundantly expressed in ischemic hearts, they will be an added value to the Nourin protein assays. In general, RNA biomarkers have more sensitivity and specificity with much less interference in serum samples and that the qPCR assay enables traces of RNA sequences to be amplified and thus captured specifically with high sensitivity. Moreover, the cost of RNA biomarker is much lower than protein biomarker because detecting each protein requires a specific antibody. The ROC curves analysis and the area under the curve (AUC) values were used to estimate the diagnostic value of our selected RNAs to differentiate AMI from healthy controls. The results implied that hsa-miRNA-137 and IncRNA-CTB89H12.4 are the most effective biomarkers for differentiating AMI patients from healthy people. The best discriminating cutoff values of hsa-miRNA-137, IncRNACTB89H12.4 and FTLH-17 mRNA were 2.29, 3.36 and 3.83, respectively with sensitivities of 98.6%, 97.1% and 82.6%, respectively. Collectively, we believe that the diagnostic accuracy for AMI detection would be improved by a concurrent measurement of serum IncRNA-CTB89H12.4, miRNA-137, and FTLH-17 mRNA to approximately 100% sensitivity and 98% accuracy in the present study. This result indicates that these thresholds could be used to discriminate AMI patients from healthy subjects.

Example 4 Confirmation of Prior Results Using the Cardiac-Derived Nourin Protein.

Previous studies by the Applicant had shown that the 3 KDa Nourin-1, is released shortly after an ischemic cardiac event, e.g., UA and AMI. Those studies relied on either a leukocyte functional chemotaxis assay or an immunoassay using (a) monoclonal sera raised against the native full-length Nourin-1 protein; and (b) polyclonal sera raised against a short peptide sequence derived from the N-terminus of Nourin-1 (Nour001-A) generated in mice. The amino acid sequence formyl substituted-MIINHDDERKC (SEQ ID NO:17) was chemically synthesized and purified using HPLC. This peptide was conjugated to KLH using a proprietary method of Precision Antibody (Columbia, Md.), and mice were immunized. Tail bleeds were collected for determination of antibody titer at three weeks, and final cardiac bleeds were performed at four weeks to collect final sera. The collected sera were tested for specificity of binding to the immunogen as follows. Diluted sera were combined with a control peptide (MIINHDDERKC; SEQ ID NO:18) in excess to bind and remove antibodies in the sera that bind to any portion of the immunogen other than a portion that includes the formyl-methionine. The “cleared” sera were tested against a screening antigen having the sequence

formyl substituted-MIINHDDERKC (SEQ ID NO:17). From a comparison of the sequences, the screening antigen shows identity to the immunogen only at the N-terminal five residues. Results of an ELISA with the “cleared” sera contained antibodies that specifically bound to the formylated N-terminal sequence.

Using the functional leukocyte chemotaxis assay and the ELISA immunoassay (Nour001-A), clinical studies demonstrated that (1) the level of Nourin was 3-fold higher compared to healthy volunteers in plasmas of ACS (UA and AMI) patients who presented to hospital ED within 1.5 to 3.5 hours after the onset of symptoms, while the standard cardiac biomarkers Troponin T and CK-MB were not detected. After clinical confirmation of ACS patients, Troponin T was detected and it was persistent for 36 hours. Nourin which was also detected in samples after 32 hours; (2) the detection of high levels of cardiac Nourin in frozen plasma samples (−70° C. for 3 years) collected from ACS patients (UA and AMI) within the first 8 hours of chest pain when Troponin I levels were below the clinical-decision level (below the heart attack cut off of 0.07 ng/ml) but were later confirmed the diagnosis. The Nour001-A antibody assay showed a statistical significance difference (P=0.012) between samples from ACS patients and other non-cardiac patients with chest pain; (3) the detection of high levels of cardiac Nourin in AMI patients' fresh plasma samples collected within the first 8 hours of chest pain when Troponin I levels are below the clinical-decision level (below the heart attack cut off of 0.07 ng/ml) but were later confirmed AMI diagnosis demonstrating that Nourin is an earlier marker than Troponin I (FIG. 12). When the same samples were stored for one month at −20° C. then thawed and subjected to the same ELISA test procedure, the data obtained was similar to the results obtained using fresh samples, showing; (4) Nourin was not detected in plasma samples collected fresh from non-cardiac patients also presented to hospital ED within the first 8 hours of chest pain with negative Troponin I (FIG. 12). Thus, the Nour001-A antibody is useful in diagnosing patients suffering cardiac ischemic event and could differentiate between ACS (AMI and UA) samples taken from patients experiencing chest pain from chest pain patients but not suffering AMI or UA. Furthermore, the Nour001-A antibody assay distinguished AMI patients from non-cardiac patients using fresh and frozen samples.

Example 5

Up-regulation of Nourin gene-Based RNA Network and Protein in AMI.

The present invention of the Nourin gene-based molecular biomarker panel composed of FTLH-17 mRNA, hsa-miRNA-137 and IncRNA-CTB89H12.4 further confirmed the use of the cardiac-derived Nourin protein as a biomarker of AMI patients. The down-regulation of IncRNA-CTB89H12.4 after an AMI event resulted in up-regulation of hsa-miRNA-137 and activation of FTLH-17 mRNA with an increased translation and production of high levels of the cardiac-derived Nourin protein (FIG. 13). There is a minimal gene expression of FTLH17 mRNA in normal non-stressed tissues. The Nourin RNA panel can be used individually or in combination with the protein-based biomarker Nourin for better and faster diagnosis of AMI patients presenting with chest pain to hospital ED and outpatient clinics. The Nourin molecular and protein-based assays are significantly earlier than current myoglobin, CK-MB and Troponin assays in detecting UA and AMI in patients presenting to the ED with chest pain (FIG. 14). Earlier identification of heart patients allows for early intervention to avoid permanent damage and heart attack that can lead to heart failure and death. In general, about 50% of heart attack patients suffer heart failure.

Although the currently identified circulating miRNA-208a, miRNA-133 and miRNA-1 peak in the blood at 3 hours after AMI, they are still markers of necrosis similar to Troponin. Nourin, on the other hand, is much earlier biomarker released by ‘viable’ ischemic tissue and, thus, provides fast diagnosis for crucial therapy (FIG. 14). Additionally, the low level of Nourin in blood samples collected from healthy individuals, makes Nourin an attractive diagnostic marker with little or no effect from normal non-stressed tissues. Furthermore, the Nourin RNA network will diagnose AMI with anterior STEMI, inferior STEMI as well as Non-STEMI (NSTEMI). Finally, Nourin panel of RNAs may be used to complement the protein-based Nourin and Troponin biomarkers as well as other classical risk factors for AMI diagnosis and prognosis. However, compared to protein-based biomarkers, RNA biomarkers have more sensitivity and specificity as it can be tissue and disease specific.

The Nourin assay using for example and not limited to Nourin including the Nourin panel of RNAs (qPCR, Nanogold, Multiplex, microfluidics and sensor ship) or Nourin epitope N-f-MII (leukocyte Chemotaxis, ELISA, sensor ship and MALDI-TOF [Matrix Assisted Laser Description Ionization-Time of Flight]) is expected to be used clinically in combination with Troponin for some better sensitive and specific diagnostic tests for acute coronary syndromes. The Nourin assays can identify unstable angina patients and complement and enhance the usefulness of Troponin tests to rule in or out unstable angina and AMI. If the Nourin assay does not detect elevated levels of Nourin RNA network and/or Nourin peptide, then ACS patients can be ruled out and the patients can be released from the hospital ED or a workup can begin to elucidate the true cause of the patients' chest pain syndromes. On the other hand, if the Nourin assay detect elevated levels of Nourin RNA network and/or Nourin peptide, the ACS patients can receive therapies in an earlier timeframe than is presently possible with current Troponin and thus eliminating the required long wait of 2 to 6 hours.

Example 6

Validation of the Nourin Gene-Based RNA Network as Biomarkers for Angina Patients with Negative Troponin.

The standard quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) molecular assay was used to validate the Nourin RNA Network, Inc-RNA_CTB89H12.4, hsa_miRNA_106b, hsa_miRNA_137, mRNA_ANAPC11 and mRNA_FTLH_17 as diagnostic biomarkers for early diagnosis of angina patients in sera samples who showed negativity of the gold standard cardiac marker Troponin. Specifically, whether the Nourin RNA Network can: (1) be used to diagnose angina patients in hospital ED and outpatient clinics; (2) determine the severity of myocardial ischemia in angina patients and, thus, to be used as prognostic molecular biomarkers; (3) quantitively distinguish between angina and AMI patients; and (4) function with high confidence as non-invasive good negative test to exclude non-angina patients.

To determine whether the novel Inc-RNA_CTB89H12.4, hsa_miRNA_106b, hsa_miRNA_137, mRNA_ANAPC11 and mRNA_FTLH_17 that genetically regulate the expression of Nourin gene could be used as an early diagnostic and prognostic molecular biomarkers in coronary artery disease, serum samples were collected from angina and AMI patients confirmed by Angigraphy/Angiplasty and the elevation of Troponin in AMI, as well from healthy volunteers and non-angina patients with history of chest pain. The study was approved by the Instituational Review Board (IRB) and that the patients' gender is equally distributed among cardiac cases. The three groups are:

Angina Patients:

-   -   (1) Hospital ED—serum samples were collected at arrival to         hospital ED from typical and atypical angina patients (n=29)         experiencing chest pain and have negative Troponin. Angina was         confirmed in these 29 patients after the performance of Coronary         Angiography or Angioplasty procedure. These patients experienced         chest pain for 1 to 10 hours prior to arrival to hospital ED and         they are refered to as “early” stage angina patients.     -   (2) Cath Lab—serum samples were collected from angina patients         (n=18) with chest pain and negative Troponin scheduled for         Coronary Angiography or Angioplasty procedure at the Cath Lab.         Samples were taken before performing the procedure. These         patients experienced chest pain for 24 to 72 hours prior to         arrival to the Cath Lab and they are refered to as “late” stage         angina patients.     -   (3) Outpatient—serum samples were collected from         intermediate-risk patients (n=14) seen in outpatient clinics         with history of chest pain suspected of angina. All 14 atypical         patients had negative Troponin and were scheduled to be         evaluated on standard treadmill stress test or dobutamine stress         echocardiography (ECHO). Serum samples were taken 30 minutes         after the completion of the treadmill stress test or ECHO.         Because of the high false positive in females using the         treadmill stress test, all female patients were evaluated only         by the ECHO test. Positive angina patients (n=7) had positive         stress ECG changes in the treadmill stress test or dobutamine         stress ECHO, suggestive of ischemia. Negative non-angina         patients (n=7) showed lack of evidence of ischemia during stress         ECG or dobutamine stress ECHO.

AMI Patients:

Serum samples were collected at arrival to hospital ED from AMI patients (n=16) experiencing chest pain, positive Troponin and confirmed by Coronary Angiography or Angioplasty at the Cath Lab. These patients experienced chest pain for 1 to 10 hours prior to arrival to hospital Emergency Department (ED).

Healthy Individuals:

Serum samples were collected from healthy individuals (n=16) with negative Troponin and negative treadmill stress test. All 16 Volunteers exercised on Treadmill to confirm absence of ischemic coronary disease after inducing stress. Serum samples were collected 30 minutes after the completion of the stress test.

Analysis of Nourin RNAs (Inc-RNA_CTB89H12.4, hsa_miRNA_106b, hsa_miRNA_137, mRNA_ANAPC11 and mRNA_FTLH_17) was performed on serum samples collected from 54 clinically documented chest pain angina patients [hospital ED (n=29), Cath Lab (n=18) and outpatient positive stress test (n=7)], as well as from 7 chest pain non-angina outpatient with, negative stress test and negative Troponin. Angina (n=54) was diagnosed on the basis of the negative serum Troponin I and Troponin T levels and confirmed by Coronary Angiography/Angioplasty procedure, exercise stress ECG testing and ECHO, in addition to clinical symptoms & history consistent with cardiac ischemia. The criteria for diagnosing angina was in accordance with the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines and reflected the clinical judgment of two experienced independent cardiologists. Patients were excluded from the study if they have: (1) positive Troponin I or T, (2) cardiomyopathy, (3) heart failure, (4) congenital heart disease, (5) end stage renal failure, (6) bleeding disorders, (7) previous thoracic irradiation therapy, (8) autoimmune diseases and inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and arthritis, (9) malignant diseases, and (10) a history of hepatitis or hepatic failure. Blood samples were obtained once and were centrifuged and the serum was separated, aliquoted and stored immediately at −80° C. for further processing.

Analysis of Nourin RNAs (Inc-RNA_CTB89H12.4, hsa_miRNA_106b, hsa_miRNA_137, mRNA_ANAPC11 and mRNA_FTLH_17) was performed on serum samples collected from 16 AMI patients whom they were diagnosed with documented acute myocardial infarction and ongoing chest pain for 1 to 10 hours prior to the arrival to hospital ED. AMI was diagnosed on the basis of the presence of a blood clot in the coronary artery confirmed by angiography procedures and elevated serum Troponin I and Troponin T levels (>0.40 ng/ml), in addition to clinical symptoms & history consistent with cardiac ischemia. The criteria for diagnosing AMI was in accordance with the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines and reflected the clinical judgment of two experienced independent cardiologists. Patients were excluded from the study if they have (1) positive Troponin I or T, (2) cardiomyopathy or heart failure, (3) congenital heart disease, (4) end stage renal failure, (5) bleeding disorders, (6) previous thoracic irradiation therapy, (7) autoimmune diseases and inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and arthritis, (8) malignant diseases, and (9) a history of hepatitis or hepatic failure. Blood samples were obtained once and were centrifuged and the serum was separated, aliquoted and stored immediately at −80° C. for further processing.

Analysis of Nourin RNAs (Inc-RNA_CTB89H12.4, hsa_miRNA_106b, has_miRNA_137, mRNA_ANAPC11 and mRNA_FTLH_17) was performed on serum samples collected from 16 Healthy male volunteers with negative Troponin and negative treadmill stress test. Volunteers exercised on treadmill to confirm absence of ischemic heart disease. Samples were collected 30 minutes after the completion of the stress test. Females were excluded from this study because of the high false positive with the treadmill stress test procedure. Blood samples were obtained once within the first 8 hours of chest pain and were centrifuged and the serum was separated, aliquoted and stored immediately at −80° C. for further processing. Blood samples were collected from 54 positive angina, 7 negative non-angina, 16 AMI patients and 16 healthy controls in primary blood collection tubes without clot activator and without anticoagulants such as EDTA or citrate (red-topped tubes). These blood samples were left at room temperature for a minimum of 30 min (and a maximum of 60 min) to allow complete blood clotting in the red-topped tubes. The clotted blood samples were then centrifuged at 1300×g at 4° C. for 20 min. The upper yellow serum was carefully removed, transferred to a polypropylene capped tube in 1 ml aliquots and stored at −80° C. until they are assayed by qPCR. All serum samples were labeled with a unique identifier to protect the confidentiality of the patients. None of the serum samples were allowed to thaw before analysis to minimize protein degradation and precipitation.

Biomarker validation using qPCR involved (1) extraction of the total miRNAs and total RNAs from serum samples (AMI and healthy); (2) synthesis of cDNA through reverse transcription; (3) measurement of cDNA using qPCR; and (4) evaluation of results by the plot curve analysis software of Rotor Gene to confirm specificities then amplification plot and data analysis. For the extraction of total RNA, including IncRNA, miRNA and mRNA from sera samples, miRNEasy RNA isolation kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) was used according to manufacturer's instructions. The RNA samples were dissolved in 14 μl of nuclease-free water. The concentration of RNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, USA). Total cDNA including cDNA for miRNA, mRNAs and IncRNA was prepared from sera samples and were loaded to Thermal cycler instrument (Thermo Electron Waltham, Mass.) using miScript II RT Kit (Qiagen, Germany), and the reaction mix is composed of 2 ul 10× miScript Nucleics Mix, 4 ul 5× miScript HiFlex Buffer, 1 ul miScript Reverse Transcriptase Mix and RNase free water to 2 ug RNA and the mixture was incubated for 60 minutes at 37° C. then for 5 minutes at 95° C.

Quantification of the expression pattern and levels of Nourin gene-based RNA network panel by qPCR included: Inc-RNA-CTB89H12.4, mRNA FTLH-17 and mRNA ANAPC11. Expression in sera samples were quantified by adding 10 ul 2×RT²SYBR Green ROX qPCR Mastermix and QuantiTect SYBR Green PCR Kit, respectively, RT²IncRNAq PCR Assay for RT² IncRNA qPCR Assay for Human CSNK1A1 (ENST00000499521) (assay ID: LPH41640A), Hs_FTHL17_1_SG QuantiTect Primer Assay (NM_031894) (assay ID: QT00217966), Hs_ANAPC11 primer assay (assay ID: QT00243964), 2 ul template cDNA and RNase free water to a final volume of 20 ul Hs_ACTB_1_SG QuantiTect Primer Assay (NM_001101) (assay ID: QT00095431), was used as housekeeping gene to normalize our raw data as the invariant control for the samples, and compared with a reference sample. The PCR cycling program for relative IncRNA-CTB89H12.4 quantification was conducted as follow: firstly, denaturation at 95° C. for 10 min; followed by 45 cycles of denaturation for 15 seconds at 95° C.; then annealing for 30 seconds at 55° C. and extension for 30 seconds at 70° C.

To quantify the expression of hsa-miR_106b and hsa-miR_137, a miScript primer assays which target the hsa-miR_106b and hsa-miR_137 were purchased from Qiagen, Hilden, Germany. The primer assays ID and sequences are: hsa-miR_106b: miRNA: has-miR-106b-5p, assay ID: MIMAT0000680 with provided sequence “5′UAAAGUGCUGACAGUGCAGAU” and for hsa-miR_137, assay ID: MIMAT0000429 and provided sequence “5′UUAUUGCUUAAGAAUACGCGUAG”. The RUN6 primer assay was used as a housekeeper gene for gene normalization.

For miRNAs amplification by quantitative Real time PCR (qPCR), miScript SYBR Green PCR Kit (Qiagen/SA Biosciences Corporation, Frederick, Md.) was used. The 20 μl reaction mix is prepared by adding 10 ul 2× miScript SYBR Green PCR Master Mix, 2 ul 10× miScript Universal Primer, 2 ul 10× miScript Primer, 2 μl of template cDNA and 4 μl RNase free water, miR_106b and RUN6. The real-time cycler was programmed for relative quantification of hsa-miR_106b and Hsa-miRNA-137 as follows: initial activation step for 15 min at 95° C. to activate HotStarTaq DNA Polymerase. 40 cycle of PCR were performed under the following conditions; 15 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 55° C. and 30 seconds at 72° C. for denaturation, annealing and extension respectively. Each reaction was carried out in triplicate. Relative quantification of RNA-based biomarker panel expression was calculated using Leviak method RQ=2^(−ΔΔCt) method. The threshold cycle (Ct) value of each sample was calculated using the Rotor Gene real time PCR detection system (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Any Ct value more than 36 was considered negative. The results were analyzed by the plot curve analysis software of Rotor Gene. Amplification plots and Tm values were analyzed to confirm the specificities of the amplicons for SybrGreen-base amplification.

For Nourin RNA's stability in the collected blood samples, we have stored sera samples at −70 for about (3 to 4 months). Sera samples were processed within half an hour after collection and aliquoted to minimize freeze thaw cycle. We have used spin columns with small pore sizes in an attempt to concentrate serum RNA before the precipitation step and have checked the concentration and purity of RNA using U/V spectrophotometer. Real time PCR was done after RNA extraction at the same day. Mean delta CT for housekeeping genes were 24 indicating average RNA expression. In general, RNAs are stable in serum for 2 years. We have investigated miRNA and long non-coding RNA which are already most stable forms of RNA. In general, miRNAs are detected in serum or plasma in a remarkable stable form and can withstand repetitive freezing and thawing cycles. In addition, circulating miRNAs are resistant against RNase-mediated degradation.

Measurement of cardiac Troponin I was conducted in serum samples collected from angina and AMI patients, non-angina and healthy control samples. The manufacturer of cardiac Troponin I is Siemens (adiva contour). The cardiac Troponin I assay is a 3-site sandwich immunoassay using direct chemillumenscence. The units for the measurements are ng/ml and the 99th percentile upper reference limit of a range 0.04 ng/ml. In some cases, Troponin T was also used.

All statistical data were executed using SPSS 22. A Shapiro-Wilk test was conducted on numerical results to assess if the variables are normally distributed, A Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to compare skewed variables, the gene expression is expressed as median value as data are not normally distributed. Two-tailed P value of 0.05 or less was supposed to be statistically significant.

Additional procedures to detect the circulating Nourin RNAs in cardiac patients' samples are by measuring exosomes and extracellular vesicles. Furthermore, in addition to the use of the standard qPCR, the Nourin-based RNA network can be detected in cardiac patients' samples using the gold coated magnetic nanoparticles as a non-PCR based technique. For this Nanogold assay, the Nourin RNAs will be either extracted or measured directly in patients' samples without purification or pre-amplification. This assay will measure the Nourin RNA panel of markers in various sera samples. In addition, Nourin-based RNA panel of markers can be detected in cardiac patients' samples using the technology provided commercially, for example by Multiplex miRNA assays measuring the Nourin-based RNA network via total circulating RNAs, Multiplex miRNA assays with FirePlex® particle technology enable simultaneous profiling of 65 miRNAs directly from small amounts of biofluid or FFPE, without RNA purification or pre-amplification. Assays can be customizable for the Nourin-based RNA panel of markers and suitable for both discovery and verification studies. Readout uses a standard flow cytometer. Additionally, sensor chip procedures can be used to detect the Nourin-based RNA network and the Nourin protein including and not limited to Nourin epitope N-f-MII.

Furthermore, the Point-of-Care (POC) procedures can be used to rapidly within 15 minutes detect in cardiac patients' samples the circulating Nourin RNAs including IncRNA_CTB89H12.4, hsa_miRNA_106b, has_miRNA_137, mRNA ANAPC11 and mRNA FTLH_17, as well as the Nourin epitope N-f-MII. The POC diagnostics has been emerged as a promising real-world-application. The POC ecosystem is evolving faster than ever and new technology has to fit into a broader landscape. Some of the main advantages of POC diagnostic device include the use of smaller sample volume, lower test costs and faster turn-around-times i.e., 15 minutes vs, 4 hours to 24 hours for PCR. Beside its rapid and precise response, its portability, low cost and non-requirement of specialized equipment are important advantages. The challenge is that the POC devices use-smaller sample volumes to achieve the same detection limit as standardized laboratory equipment. It requires the integration of assay chemistry, fluidics, hardware and software.

A POC device can use a chip-based technology to examine different analytes in various samples including blood, urine and tissue biopsies. Microfluidics and biosensor can use numerous materials such as glass, silicon, polymer, and paper for the fabrication of microfluidics-based POC devices along with their wide range of biosensor applications. Recent development in nanomaterials, device design, and microfabrication technologies have made it possible to obtain POC devices with enhanced sensing characteristics. Breakthroughs such as the recently published method of 3D printing microfluidics lab-on-a-chip devices could help lead to cheaper mass-production of diagnostic devices. The use of smartphones paired to microfluidics could enable an increased range and ability of POC testing, with the development of devices such as the TRI analyzer on the horizon, it is possible to achieve limits of detection that are comparable to those obtained for the same assay measured with a conventional laboratory microplate reader, demonstrating the flexibility of the system to serve as a platform for rapid, simple translation of existing commercially available bio sensing assays to a POC setting. POC portable devices identification method can be based on microarray platform require extensive testing and validation comparing the outcome with more traditional methods of detection. Thus, the high-performance RNA-detection methods for all types of clinically relevant RNAs (mRNAs, miRNAs and IncRNAs) are based on molecular-biology techniques including and not limited to qPCR, microarrays, nanoparticles, microfluidics and biosensor.

Example 7

Using the Nourin Expression Levels of Micro RNAs, hsa_miRNA_106b (miR_106b) and has_miRNA_137 (miR_137) to Differentiate: (1) Coronary Artery Disease (Angina and AMI) Patients from Healthy Controls; (2) Angina from AMI Patients; (3) Patients with Early Stage and Late Angina Time; and (4) Suspected Outpatient Angina patients from Non-Angina by Stress ECHO/Treadmill Test.

The novel Nourin miR_106b and miR_137 that genetically regulate the expression of Nourin gene could be used as an early diagnostic and prognostic molecular biomarkers in coronary artery disease. FIG. 16 and FIG. 17A-FIG. 17H summarize the expression levels of Nourin miR_106b and miR_137 in serum samples of angina and AMI patients, as well as controls and revealed: (1) the detection of high levels of Nourin miR_106b and miR_137 in clinically confirmed angina patients with chest pain and negative Troponin; (2) a high statistical significant difference between the higher expression levels of miR_106b and miR_137 in patients with acute coronary heart disease by 280 fold and 1900 fold; respectively compared to healthy control group; (3) higher levels were detected in AMI patients compared to angina, reflecting the association between Nourin miRNAs and high extensive myocardium injury; (4) higher expression levels were positively correlated to disease severity in late angina patients compared to early angina; (5) higher expression levels of Nourin miRNAs detected in patients suspected of angina with history of chest pain were positively correlated with stress ECHO/Treadmill test results, while low expression levels correlated with negative non-angina patients by stress test; and (6) the high statistical significant difference between stress ECHO/Treadmill test angina patients and negative non-angina patients can be used as non-invasive good negative test to exclude non-angina patients.

Specifically, as illustrated in FIG. 17A-FIG. 17H, there is a significantly high serum expression levels of miR_106b (FIG. 17A) and miR_137 (FIG. 17B) in coronary artery disease (angina and AMI) patients compared to healthy control group; the expression levels of miR_106b (FIG. 17C) and miR_137 (FIG. 17D) were also significantly higher in AMI patients compared to angina patients (p<0.01); additionally, higher expression levels were detected in late angina patients (24 to 72 hours after onset of chest pain) for miR_106b (FIG. 17E) and miR_137 (FIG. 17F) compared to early angina patients (1 to 10 hours after onset of chest pain); Finally, the expression levels of miR_106b (FIG. 17G) and miR_137 (FIG. 17H) were significantly higher in outpatient suspected angina patients whom they were positive by ECHO/Treadmill stress test compared to negative stress test group. No interference in the Nourin RNA results was observed in patients and control serum samples when the non-specific inflammatory mediator CRP was elevated.

Statistically, FIG. 18 summarizes the diagnostic and prognostic efficacy of miR_106b and miR_137 in patients with coronary artery disease and controls using Receiving Operating Characteristics Curves (ROC) [ROC curve analysis]. FIG. 19A-FIG. 19D illustrate: (A): a 100% sensitivity for both miR_106b and miR_137, while, 94% specificity for miR_106b, and 95% specificity for miR_137 to diagnose and discriminate between patients with coronary artery disease and healthy controls; (B): a sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 79% were demonstrated for miR_106b compared to 75% sensitivity and 72% specificity for miR_137 to discriminate between early and late angina patients; (C): a high prognostic potentials were demonstrated for both miR_106b and miR_137 to discriminate angina from AMI patients; and (D): both Nourin related miR_106b and miR_137 showed a 100% sensitivity and 85% specificity in discriminating ECHO/Treadmill positive stress test of outpatient angina patients with history of chest pain from patients with non-angina and negative test. Thus, the two selected miR_106b and miR_137 related to Nourin gene are good positive test to diagnose ACD patients and good negative test to exclude non-cardiac patients.

The sensitivities and specificities of miR_106b and miR_137 as an early diagnostic biomarkers in angina patients plotted by the Receiving Operating Characteristics curves demonstrated that miR_106b and miR_137 can discriminate between (1) angina and AMI patients; (2) early and late Angina patients, and (3) between coronary heart disease and healthy control. The high diagnostic and prognostic potential of the Nourin related miRNAs will open the era for early diagnosis of angina patients that have a chest pain with negative Troponin and, therefore, direct clinicians for the proper management and save patients' life.

The bioinformatics analysis revealed that both miR_106b and miR_137 related to Nourin gene regulates the expression of Nourin protein via sponging of Nourin gene. The molecular pathway by which miR_106b and miR_137 regulates the expression of Nourin gene are evident in coronary artery diseases and strongly linked to myocardial ischemia. Wherein the upregulation of miR_106b and miR_137, results in overexpression of mRNA ANAPC11 and mRNA FTLH-17; respectively. Moreover, both miRNAs were upstream regulated by Inc_CTB89H12.4. The downregulation of Inc_CTB89H12.4 has been detected in myocardial ischemia and is significantly associated with higher levels of miR_106b and miR_137, and it is linked to overexpression of mRNA ANAPC11 and mRNA FTLH-17.

Results indicate high significant difference in the expression of miR_106b and miR_137 between early cases of angina in which samples were collected within 1 to 10 hours from the onset of chest pain, and late angina in which samples were collected within 24 to 72 hours from onset of chest pain. The miR_106b expression level was 50% higher in late angina patients compared to early angina patients with high statistical significance. Similarly, miR_137 expression level showed 42% increase in late angina patients compared to early angina patients.

These results reflect that both miR_106b and miR_137 could be used as predictors for disease progression and tissue damage in cardiac patients. Additionally, because of the high sensitivity and specificity of the Nourin RNA network, it will likely diagnose microvascular angina patients that otherwise would be missed by current Angiography procedure and ECHO/treadmill stress test. Furthermore, since Nourin gene is not expressed nor that it is released by normal non-ischemic heart, it can be used with high confidence to exclude non-cardiac patients presenting to hospital ED and in outpatient clinics with chest pain.

The treadmill stress test and the dobutamine stress ECHO are the current standard procedures used to diagnose angina patients after inducing ischemia by exercise. However, the treadmill stress test has low sensitivity and specificity and is associated with high false positive results, particularly in females. These facts making the proper diagnosis of angina patients is a problematic clinical issue. Therefore, a study was conducted to evaluate whether miR_106b and miR_137 can diagnose patients with history of chest pain suspect of angina. The expression levels of miR_106b and miR_137 have been analyzed in patients with history of chest pain and positive stress test, and then compared to those with negative stress test. Results revealed that the expression levels of miR_106b and miR_137 were significantly increased in patients with positive stress test, while their expression was low in patients with negative stress test equivalent to healthy control.

The Nourin-related miR_106b and miR_137 are considered a good positive test for angina patients with chest pain, as well as a good negative test for non-angina patients. These results reflect the significance of the Nourin miRNA biomarkers to diagnose angina and to differentiate high risk from standard risk patients.

Since the Nourin RNAs are stable, specific and abundantly expressed in ischemic hearts, they will be an added value to the Nourin protein assays. In general, RNA biomarkers have more sensitivity and specificity with much less interference in serum samples and that the qPCR assay enables traces of RNA sequences to be amplified and thus captured specifically with high sensitivity. Moreover, the cost of RNA biomarker is much lower than protein biomarker because detecting each protein requires a specific antibody.

Example 8

The Expression Level of Lnc_CTB89H12.4, FTHL_1 and ANAPC11 Genes Selected by Gene Ontology Bioinformatics Analysis, Showed a High Evidence To Be Related to Nourin Protein Expression, and They Represent a Signaling Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Ischemic Heart Disease. The Three Genes Level Expression Were Tested to Differentiate: (1) Coronary Artery Disease (Angina and AMI) Patients from Healthy Controls; (2) Angina from AMI patients; (3) Patients with Early Stage and Late Angina Time; and (4) Suspected Outpatient Angina patients from Non-Angina by Stress ECHO/Treadmill Test.

Results summarized in FIG. 20, FIG. 21 and FIG. 22A-FIG. 22L revealed a significant higher expression levels of FTHL_1 and ANAPC11 genes in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients compared to healthy control group, in which FTLH_1 gene expression was increased by 12 folds and by 14 folds for ANAPC11 gene in CAD patients than the control healthy group (FIG. 22A and FIG. 22C). Conversely, the Lnc_CTB89H12.4 gene was significantly downregulated by nine folds in CAD compared to control healthy group. Moreover, by assessing the difference in gene expression levels between angina and AMI patients, a significant higher expression levels (p<0.01) for FTHL_1 and ANAPC11 were observed in AMI patients compared to angina. Specifically, AMI showed a median for FTHL_1 of 50.0 and for ANAPC11 of 8.4, compared to median of 3.0 for FTHL_1 and 4.0 for ANAPC11 in angina patients (FIG. 22B and FIG. 22F). On the other hand, the Lnc_CTB89H_12.4 was significantly downregulated in AMI patients versus the angina patients (p<0.01), data are presented in FIG. 22J. Furthermore, in order to investigate the association between the FTHL_1, ANAPC11 and CTB89H_14.2 genes expression levels and the duration of chest pain, which directly reflects the degree of myocardium cell damage due to ischemia, the three genes expression were measured in patients with early stage angina and compared to those with late stage of angina. Results indicated significant decrease in FTHL_1 (FIG. 22C) and ANAPC11 (FIG. 22G) by approximately 40 and 23 folds; respectively in late angina than in early angina patients (p<0.01). Meanwhile, the Lnc_CTB89H_12.4 was significantly upregulated by 40 folds in late angina compared to early angina patients (FIG. 22K).

The Treadmill stress test and the dobutamine stress ECHO are used currently to diagnose angina patients after inducing ischemia by exercise. However, the test didn't achieve an acceptable percentage of sensitivity and specificity and is associated with high false positive results, particularly in females. These facts making the proper diagnosis of angina patients is a problematic clinical issue. Therefore, in the current study, the FTHL_1, ANAPC11 and Lnc_CTB89H_12.4 genes expression was measured to evaluate whether these genes could diagnose patients with history of chest pain suspect of angina. The expression levels of FTHL_1, ANAPC11 and CTB89H_12.4 have been analyzed in patients with history of chest pain and positive stress test, and then compared to those with negative stress test. Results revealed that the expression levels of FTHL_1 (FIG. 22D) and ANAPC11 (FIG. 22H) were significantly increased in patients with positive stress test, while their expression values were lower in patients with negative stress test equivalent to healthy control. On the other hand, the Lnc_CTB89H_12.4 was significantly decrease by 8 folds in patients with positive ECHO/Treadmill stress test compared to those with negative stress test (FIG. 22L).

Studies were conducted to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic potential of Nourin-related “FTHL_1, ANAPC11 and Lnc_CTB89H_12.4” genes in (1) discriminating patients with coronary heart disease from healthy control; (2) differentiating AMI from angina patients; (3) assessing the degree of myocardial injury by differentiating early stage angina from late; and (4) finally, confirming query (suspected) angina in patients presented with acute chest pain in hospital ED and outpatient clinics. Accordingly, as indicated in FIG. 23 and FIG. 24A-FIG. 24D, a Receiving operating Characteristics curve (ROC) was conducted for the three tested genes. Results revealed that at a cut-off value of 3.2 for the FTHL_1 gene expression can differentiate CAD patients from healthy controls with 72% sensitivity and 81% specificity, and for ANAPC11, the biomarker sensitivity and specificity were 65% and 93% at discriminating cut-off value of 3.8. In contrast, the Lnc_CTB89H_12.4 possess 84% sensitivity and 88% specificity at a cut off value of 0.27 (FIG. 24A).

The prognostic potential of FTHL_1, ANAPC11 and Lnc_CTB89H_12.4 was evaluated to investigate their potential to discriminate: (1): Angina from AMI patients (FIG. 24B), the highest sensitivity (100%) was demonstrated for FTHL_1, followed by 75% for CTB89H_12.4 and the least sensitivity (68%) was detected for ANAPC11. However, specificity of 86% was observed for FTHL_1 and Lnc_CTB89H_12.4, and only 70% specificity was reached for ANAPC11; (2): to discriminate early from late stage angina patients (FIG. 24C), the FTHL_1 biomarker possess the highest sensitivity (100%) and specificity (96%) among other biomarkers in discriminating early from late angina, followed by the Lnc_CTB98H_12.4 which achieved 72% sensitivity and 87% specificity. While ANAPC11 showed a low sensitivity of 68% and specificity of 62% as discriminating biomarker between different stages of angina; and (3): to discriminate patients with positive ECHO/Treadmill stress test from negative stress test patients (FIG. 24D), the more interesting findings that the ANAPC11 gene possess the highest specificity (90%) to discriminate patients with positive from negative stress test compared to 84% for Lnc_CTB89H-12.4 and 65% FTHL_1. However, the three biomarkers reached similar sensitivity of 80%. Results firther indicated that there is no interference in the Nourin RNA detection was observed in patients and control serum samples when the non-specific inflammatory mediator CRP was elevated.

Overall summary indicates:

-   -   1. higher expression levels of miR_106b and miR_137 has been         observed in patients with coronary heart disease by 280 folds         for miR_106b and 1900 folds for miR_137 compared to healthy         control group, with high statistical significance; reflecting         the high specificity and sensitivity of Nourin miRNAs in the         diagnosis of coronary heart disease with chest pain.     -   2. higher expression levels of miR_106b and miR_137 has been         observed in patients with coronary heart disease by 280 folds         for miR_106b and 1900 folds for miR_137 compared to healthy         control group, with high statistical significance; reflecting         the high specificity and sensitivity of Nourin miRNAs in the         diagnosis of coronary heart disease with chest pain.     -   3. the miR_106b expression level was higher by 50% in late stage         angina patients compared to early angina patients, with high         statistical significance, and wherein, the miR_137 expression         level was increased by 42% in late stage angina patients         compared to early angina, with high statistical significance;         reflecting disease progression and the extend of tissue damage         in angina patients.     -   4. the expression of miR_106b was significantly increased by 137         folds         in chest pain angina patients with positive ECHO/Treadmill         stress test, compared to non-angina patients with a negative         stress test; reflecting the high specificity and sensitivity of         miR_106b biomarker in the diagnosis of angina in patients with         history of chest pain. Wherein, the expression of miR_137 was         significantly increased by 331 folds in angina patients with         positive ECHO/Treadmill stress test compared to non-angina         patients with a negative stress test; reflecting the high         specificity and sensitivity of miR_137 biomarker in the         diagnosis of angina patients with history of chest pain.     -   5. hsa_miRNA_106b and hsa_miRNA_137 for example, possesses a         discriminating cut-off value of 3.5 for both miRNAs to diagnose         coronary artery disease patients from healthy controls. Wherein,         the cut-off values of 372 for hsa_miRNA_106b, and 2488 for         hsa_miRNA_137 discriminated angina patients from AMI cases.         Wherein, the cut-off values of 283 for hsa_miRNA_106b, and 1240         for hsa_miRNA_137 differentiated between early and late stage         angina. Wherein, hsa_miRNA_106b and has_miRNA_137 discriminated         chest pain angina patients with positive ECHO/Treadmill stress         test from non-angina patients with negative test at a cut-off of         172 for miRNA_106b and a cut-off of 8 for miRNA_137.     -   6. hsa_miRNA_106b and hsa_miRNA_137 for example, discriminated         angina patients from healthy controls with an approximately 100%         sensitivity and 95% specificity. Wherein both miRNAs attributed         a significant prognostic potential to discriminate angina         patients from AMI patients, as well as between early and late         stage angina patients. Wherein, hsa_miRNA_106b possesses an 87%         sensitivity and 79% specificity in discriminating AMI from         angina patients, while hsa_miRNA_137 possesses 75% sensitivity         and 72% specificity. Wherein, high specificity for         hsa_miRNA_106b which reaches a 96% in contrast to only 70% for         has_miRNA_137 in discriminating early from late stage angina.         Wherein, the negative ECHO/Treadmill stress test patients with         history of chest pain, differentiated from positive stress test         patients using hsa_miRNA_106b and has_miRNA_137 biomarkers with         an 85% specificity and a 100% sensitivity.     -   7. the Nourin related miR_106b and miR_137 are a good positive         test for angina patients with chest pain, as well as a good         negative test for non-angina patients, reflecting the         significance of the Nourin miRNAs biomarkers to diagnose angina         and to differentiate high risk patients from standard risk         individuals.     -   8. the Nourin RNAs were detected in healthy individuals and in         clinically confirmed non-angina patients with history of acute         chest pain and negative Troponin. Wherein, said the Nourin         molecular network is tissue-specific and abundantly expressed in         heart tissues. Wherein, the Nourin Inc-RNA_CTB89H12.4,         hsa_miRNA_106b, hsa_miRNA_137, mRNA_ANAPC11 and mRNA_FTLH_17,         can be measured individually, and in combination.

Example 9

Up-regulation of Nourin gene-based RNA Network in Angina.

The present invention of the Nourin gene-based molecular biomarker panel composed of Nourin Inc-RNA_CTB89H12.4, hsa_miRNA_106b, hsa_miRNA_137, mRNA_ANAPC11 and mRNA_FTLH_17 further confirmed the use of the cardiac-derived Nourin protein as a biomarker of coronary artery disease patients. The down-regulation of IncRNA-CTB89H12.4 after an ischemic event resulted in up-regulation of hsa_miRNA_106b and hsa-miRNA-137 and activation of mRNA_ANAPC11 and mRNA_FTLH_17 with an increased translation and production of high levels of the cardiac-derived Nourin protein. There is a minimal gene expression of FTLH17 mRNA in normal non-stressed tissues. The Nourin RNA panel can be used individually or in combination with the protein-based biomarker Nourin for better and faster diagnosis of coronary artery disease patients presenting with chest pain to hospital ED and outpatient clinics. The Nourin molecular and protein-based assays are significantly earlier than current myoglobin, CK-MB and Troponin assays in detecting UA and AMI in patients presenting to the ED with chest pain. FIG. 14 indicates that the absence of biomarkers for angina patients, while several biomarkers are available for AMI patients. The present Nourin RNA assay can diagnose angina prior to a heart attack, and it can be detected immediately after the initiation of an acute chest pain in angina patients which lasted for up to at least 72 hours after an event. Much higher expression levels of micro Nourin RNAs were detected in late angina than early stage. Furthermore, the micro Nourin RNAs were significantly higher in angina patients with positive ECHO/Treadmill stress test than negative non-angina. Additionally, the test can differenciate between angina and AMI patients, where the Nourin gene is expressed much higher in AMI than angina. There is a minimal Nourin RNA gene expression in normal non-ischemic tissues. Because of the high sensitivity and specificity of the Nourin gene RNAs, they can diagnose microvascular angina patients that otherwise they would be missed by current Angiography procedures and ECHO/treadmill stress tests. Earlier identification of heart patients allows for early intervention to avoid permanent damage and heart attack that can lead to heart failure and death. In general, about 50% of heart attack patients suffer heart failure.

Although the currently identified circulating miRNA-208a, miRNA-133 and miRNA-1 peak in the blood at 3 hours after AMI, they are still markers of necrosis similar to Troponin. Nourin, on the other hand, is much earlier biomarker released by ‘viable’ ischemic tissue and, thus, provides fast diagnosis of angina and AMI patients for crucial therapy (FIG. 14). Additionally, the low level of Nourin in blood samples collected from healthy individuals and non-angina patients with history of chest pain, makes Nourin biomarker as an attractive diagnostic marker with little or no effect from normal non-stressed tissues. Also, no interference in the Nourin RNA results was observed in patients and control serum samples when the non-specific inflammatory mediator, CRP was elevated.

Furthermore, Nourin panel of RNAs may be used to for classical risk factors for coronary artery disease diagnosis and prognosis. However, compared to protein-based biomarkers, RNA biomarkers have more sensitivity and specificity as it can be tissue and disease specific.

The Nourin assay using for example and not limited to Nourin including the Nourin panel of RNAs (qPCR, Nanogold, Multiplex, microfluidics and sensor ship) or Nourin epitope N-f-MII (leukocyte Chemotaxis, ELISA, sensor ship and MALDI-TOF [Matrix Assisted Laser Description Ionization-Time of Flight]). The Nourin assays can identify unstable angina patients and AMI. If the Nourin assay does not detect elevated levels of Nourin RNA network and/or Nourin peptide, then angina patients and AMI can be ruled out and the patients can be released from hospital ED or a workup can begin to elucidate the true cause of the patients' chest pain syndromes. On the other hand, if the Nourin assay detect elevated levels of Nourin RNA network and/or Nourin peptide, the ACS patients can receive therapies in an earlier timeframe than is presently possible with current Troponin and thus eliminating the required long wait of 2 to 6 hours.

The Nourin assay using for example and not limited to Nourin including the Nourin panel of RNAs (qPCR, Nanogold, Multiplex, microfluidics and sensor ship) or Nourin epitope N-f-MII (leukocyte Chemotaxis, ELISA, sensor ship and MALDI-TOF [Matrix Assisted Laser Description Ionization-Time of Flight]) is expected to be used clinically in combination with Troponin for some better sensitive and specific diagnostic tests for acute coronary syndromes.]). The Nourin assays can identify unstable angina patients and complement and enhance the usefulness of Troponin tests to rule in or out unstable angina and AMI. If the Nourin assay does not detect elevated levels of Nourin RNA network and/or Nourin peptide, then angina patients and AMI can be ruled out and the patients can be released from hospital ED or a workup can begin to elucidate the true cause of the patients' chest pain syndromes. On the other hand, if the Nourin assay detect elevated levels of Nourin RNA network and/or Nourin peptide, the ACS patients can receive therapies in an earlier timeframe than is presently possible with current Troponin and thus eliminating the required long wait of 2 to 6 hours.

Early identification of heart patients allows for early intervention to avoid permanent damage that can lead to ischemic heart failure and death. Specifically, early diagnosis of ischemic heart patients will allow for crucial intervention to avoid permanent damage and, thus, abort infarction, save heart muscles, reduce myocardial injury and the progression of patients to heart failure. In general, 50% of heart attack patients will suffer heart failure.

The Nourin protein and its multiple genes that are functionally linked to each other and to AMI functional networks, increase the chance of a higher diagnostic success than the simpler conventional single-marker approach for Troponin. The Nourin assays will also be used to identify patients at risk for coronary artery disease (CDA) since circulating miRNAs were found to have a distinct pattern in cardiovascular disease including: CAD, AMI, hypertension, heart failure (HF) and viral myocarditis (VM). Thus, Nourin can be used not only for early diagnosis and monitoring of ACS patients presented to hospital ED and outpatient clinics with chest pain, but also as a risk predictive biomarker to (1) screen high-risk patients (diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, aging, smokers, high cholesterol, stress, etc.) for the identification of CAD and allow for crucial intervention to avoid permanent damage, abort infarction, save heart muscles and reduce myocardial injury; (2) screen CAD patients for risk assessment to predict which patients are at risk for developing AMI; (3) predict drug therapy response on heart tissue in clinical trials; (4) monitor the heart health after therapy and disease progression; (5) differentiate cardiac from non-cardiac experiencing chest pain; (6) determine the risk level of heart patients experiencing chest pain; (7) provide risk stratification of AMI patients; and (8) diagnose heart failure patients after AMI and determine their risk assessment and prognosis. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the practice of the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from considering of the specification and practice of the invention. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims. 

1. A novel autophagy-related Nourin gene-based RNA network as early biomarkers for cardiac diagnosis comprises: a) Anaphase Promoting Complex Subunit mRNA_11 (mRNA_ANAPC11) gene for Nourin mRNA related to autophagy and cardiac ischemia; b) Ferritin heavy polypeptide mRNA_17 (mRNA_FTLH_17) gene for Nourin mRNA related to autophagy and cardiac ischemia; c) Homo sapiens micro RNA_106b (hsa_miRNA_106b), an autophagy-related gene for cardiac ischemia as a regulatory gene on mRNA_ANAPC11; d) Homo sapiens micro RNA_137 (hsa_miRNA_137), an autophagy-related gene for cardiac ischemia as a regulatory gene on mRNA_FTLH_17; e) Hsa_miRNA_106b and hsa_miRNA_137 regulate the expression of Nourin protein via sponging of Nourin gene; and f) Long non-coding intergenic RNA (Inc-RNA_CTB89H12.4), an autophagy-related gene for cardiac ischemia and regulates hsa_miRNA_106b and hsa_miRNA_137; wherein, the Nourin molecular network composed of Inc-RNA_CTB89H12.4, hsa_miRNA_106b, hsa_miRNA_137, mRNA_ANAPC11 and mRNA_FTLH_17 are the first differential expression in pathological cardiomyocytes to diagnose angina patients and determine their progression and disease severity, also to differentiate between angina patients and acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and as an autophagy-related RNA panel linked to each other and to cardiovascular ischemia, to specifically identify ischemic cardiac events and determine the disease severity in coronary artery disease patients (angina and AMI).
 2. The novel autophagy-related Nourin gene-based RNA network as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the molecular pathways by which hsa_miRNA_106b and hsa_miRNA_137 regulate the expression of Nourin gene are evident in coronary artery disease and are strongly linked to myocardial ischemia. Wherein, the upregulation of hsa_miRNA_106b and hsa_miRNA_137 results in overexpression of mRNA_ANAPC11 and mRNA_FTLH_17; respectively. Wherein, both hsa_miRNA_106b and hsa_miRNA_137 are upstream regulated by Inc_CTB89H12.4. Wherein, the downregulation of Inc_CTB89H12.4 has been detected in myocardial ischemia and is significantly associated with higher levels of hsa_miRNA_106b and hsa_miRNA_137, and it is linked to overexpression of mRNA_ANAPC11 and mRNA FTLH_17. Wherein, the down-regulation of Inc-RNA_CTB89H12.4 after an angina and AMI events resulted in the up-regulation of hsa-miRNA-137 and activation of mRNA_FTLH_17 with an increased translation and production of high levels of Nourin protein, and wherein, there is extremely low or no gene expression in healthy and non-stressed tissues.
 3. The novel autophagy-related Nourin gene-based RNA network as claimed in claim 1, wherein, a significant high levels were detected in clinically confirmed angina patients with acute chest pain and negative Troponin, and wherein, a significant high levels were detected in clinically confirmed AMI patients with acute chest pain and positive Troponin.
 4. The novel autophagy-related Nourin gene-based RNA network as claimed in claim 1, wherein, a higher expression levels of miR_106b and miR_137 have been observed in patients with coronary artery disease by 280 fold for miR_106b and 1900 fold for miR_137 compared to healthy volunteers with high statistical significance; reflecting the high specificity and sensitivity of Nourin miRNAs in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease patients with chest pain.
 5. The novel autophagy-related Nourin gene-based RNA network as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the miR_106b differentiated between angina and AMI patients; wherein, the miR_106b expression level was higher by 21% in AMI compared to angina patients, with a highly significant difference; wherein, the miR_137 differentiated between angina and AMI patients, wherein, the miR_137 expression level was increased by 40% in AMI patients compared to patients with angina, with a highly significant difference; reflecting the association between Nourin miRNAs and cardiac disease progression and severity.
 6. The novel autophagy-related Nourin gene-based RNA network as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the miR_106b expression level was higher by 50% in late stage angina patients compared to early angina, with high statistical significance, and wherein, the miR_137 expression level was increased by 42% in late stage angina patients compared to early angina, with high statistical significance; reflecting disease progression and extend of tissue damage in angina patients.
 7. The novel autophagy-related Nourin gene-based RNA network as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the expression of miR_106b was significantly increased by 137 fold in chest pain angina patients with positive ECHO/Treadmill stress test, compared to non-angina patients with negative stress test; reflecting the high specificity and sensitivity of miR_106b biomarker in the diagnosis of angina patients with history of chest pain. Wherein, the expression of miR_137 was significantly increased by 331 fold in angina patients with positive ECHO/Treadmill stress test compared to non-angina patients with negative stress test; reflecting the high specificity and sensitivity of miR_137 biomarker in the diagnosis of angina patients with history of chest pain.
 8. The novel autophagy-related Nourin gene-based RNA network as claimed in claim 1, wherein, said molecular network of hsa_miRNA_106b and hsa_miRNA_137 possess a discriminating cut-off value of 3.5 for both miRNAs to diagnose coronary artery disease patients from healthy controls. Wherein, the cut-off values of 372 for hsa_miRNA_106b, and 2488 for hsa_miRNA_137 discriminated angina patients from AMI cases. Wherein, the cut-off values of 283 for hsa_miRNA_106b, and 1240 for hsa_miRNA_137 differentiated between early and late stage angina. Wherein, hsa_miRNA_106b and hsa_miRNA_137 discriminated chest pain angina patients with positive ECHO/Treadmill stress test from non-angina patients with negative test at a cut-off of 172 for miRNA_106b and a cut-off of 8 for miRNA_137.
 9. The novel autophagy-related Nourin gene-based RNA network as claimed in claim 1, wherein, said the Nourin molecular network hsa_miRNA_106b and hsa_miRNA_137 discriminated angina patients from healthy controls with an approximately 100% sensitivity and 95% specificity. Wherein, both miRNAs attributed a significant prognostic potential to discriminate angina patients from AMI patients, as well as between early and late stage angina patients. Wherein, hsa_miRNA_106b possesses 87% sensitivity and 79% specificity in discriminating AMI from angina patients, while hsa_miRNA_137 possesses 75% sensitivity and 72% specificity. Wherein, high specificity for hsa_miRNA_106b which reaches 96%, in contrast to only 70% for hsa_miRNA_137 in discriminating early from late stage angina. Wherein, the negative ECHO/Treadmill stress test patients with history of chest pain were differentiated from positive stress test patients using hsa_miRNA_106b and hsa_miRNA_137 biomarkers with 85% specificity and a 100% sensitivity.
 10. The novel autophagy-related Nourin gene-based RNA network as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the Nourin related miR_106b and miR_137 are a good positive test for angina patients with chest pain, as well as a good negative test for excluding non-angina patients and healthy individuals; reflecting the significance of the Nourin miRNAs biomarkers to diagnose angina events and to differentiate high risk from low risk patients.
 11. The novel autophagy-related Nourin gene-based RNA network as claimed in claim 1, wherein, extremely low levels of the Nourin RNAs were detected in healthy individuals and in clinically confirmed non-angina patients with history of acute chest pain and negative Troponin. Wherein, said the Nourin molecular network is tissue-specific and abundantly expressed in heart tissues. Wherein, the Nourin Inc-RNA_CTB89H12.4, hsa_miRNA_106b, hsa_miRNA_137, mRNA_ANAPC11 and mRNA_FTLH_17, can be measured individually, and in combination.
 12. The novel autophagy-related Nourin gene-based RNA network as claimed in claim 1, wherein, said the Nourin molecular network is quickly released into the circulation from damaged hearts and stably expressed with half-life time up to 2 years.
 13. The novel autophagy-related Nourin gene-based RNA network as claimed in claim 1, wherein, said the Nourin molecule network is capable of rapid and accurate diagnosis with high degree of sensitivity and specificity to the disease.
 14. The novel autophagy-related Nourin gene-based RNA network as claimed in claim 1, wherein, said the Nourin molecular network allows early diagnosis with sensitivity to relevant changes in the disease.
 15. The novel autophagy-related Nourin gene-based RNA network as claimed in claim 1, wherein, said molecular network is stable for the period in the range between 2 to 3 years after processing of the sample. Wherein, said molecular network measured through the Nourin peptide was measured in fresh and frozen samples for up to 3 years.
 16. A method for the early diagnosis and differentiation of ischemic cardiac events by the Nourin-gene based RNA molecular network as claimed in claim 1, comprising the steps of: a) identifying the Nourin gene-based RNA network as biomarkers; b) retrieving molecular biomarkers relevant to angina and AMI and related to Nourin peptide sequence; c) differentiating the angina and AMI patients' samples from healthy control using Nourin RNA molecular network; d) differentiating the angina from AMI patient samples using Nourin RNA molecular network; e) differentiating the early stage of angina samples from late stage using Nourin RNA molecular network; f) differentiating the negative ECHO/Treadmill stress test patients with history of acute chest pain from positive stress test patients using Nourin RNA molecular network; g) confirming the retrieved output; h) up-regulation of Nourin-gene RNA network and protein in angina and AMI.
 17. The method as claimed in claim 16 wherein the identification of the Nourin gene in step (a) is performed by the following steps consisting of: a) bioinformatic analysis using previous microarray and relating it to the Nourin peptide sequence to retrieve Nourin-based RNAs; b) verifying biomarkers by determining the expression levels and pattern of Nourin-based RNAs in angina and AMI patients' serum (or plasma) samples and comparing it to healthy volunteers and non-angina patients with history of acute chest pain using qPCR technique.
 18. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein the identification of the Nourin gene is performed alone or in combination with the miRNAs regulating genes that can specifically detect: a) a subject who experienced angina or acute myocardial infarction, wherein the Nourin gene is much higher in AMI than angina; b) a subject who experienced angina or acute myocardial infarction, with no interference in the assay by the non-specific inflammatory marker, CRP; c) a subject who experienced angina, wherein the Nourin gene is much higher in late stage angina than early; d) a subject who experienced angina as a positive test in ECHO/Treadmill stress test from negative non-angina; e) a subject who experienced microvascular angina that otherwise would be missed by current Angiography procedure and ECHO/treadmill stress test; f) a subject who is experiencing angina or acute myocardial infarction in various bio-fluids samples including fresh or frozen blood, serum, plasma, saliva, urine, as well as tissue biopsies.
 19. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein the novel non-invasive assay method can early diagnose coronary artery disease patients as a good positive test to identify angina and AMI patients and as a good negative test to exclude non-cardiac patients with chest pain and healthy individuals; diagnose microvascular angina missed by current procedures; allow for crucial intervention to avoid permanent damage, thus, abort infarction, save heart muscles, reduce myocardial injury and the progression of patients to heart failure; rule in or out angina and AMI in hospital ED and outpatient clinics; provide risk stratification for AMI patients; identify at-risk patients for coronary artery disease (CAD); diagnose heart failure patients after AMI and determine their risk assessment and prognosis; diagnose subclinical or silent myocardial ischemia, as well as low-grade myocardial ischemia; screen heart transplantation patients' blood samples for cardiac allograft inflammation, and, thus, reduce the invasive heart biopsy procedure; reflect on disease progression and severity of heart damage; screen CAD patients for risk assessment to predict which patients are at risk for developing AMI; predict drug therapy response on heart tissue (myocardial cell damage) in clinical trials; monitor heart health after therapy and disease progression; and differentiate acute chest pain cardiac from non-cardiac patients presenting to outpatient clinics and hospital Emergency Departments and determine the risk level of heart patients. 